Table of Content

18 December 2018, Volume 35 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Recent advances in the study of microbes in traditional fermented foods WANG Hui-lin, ZHOU Wei-cheng,REN Cong, XU Yan 2018, 35 (6):  1.  Abstract ( 471 )   PDF   Save The nature of traditional fermented food processing is enriching, domesticating and culturing a great diversity of microorganisms. Multiple metabolites of these microorganisms endow traditional fermented foods with unique flavors and rich nutrition. The study of microbes in traditional fermented foods not merely contributes to elucidating fundamental issues, including microbial community assembly, microbial community metabolic function and microbial interactions, but also hopefully elevates the industrialization level of traditional fermented foods processing with maintaining its unique flavors. Revealing the mechanisms of microbiology in traditional fermented foods will ultimately help to achieve high-efficient and fine-quality production of traditional fermented foods. In this review, we summarized the advances in microbiome features, microbial resources mining, quality control and optimization of traditional fermented foods in recent years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Brief discussion on the relation of the Nobel prizes in natural science to biological research HUANG Qing 2018, 35 (6):  6.  Abstract ( 330 )   PDF   Save In October 2018, this year′s Nobel prizes in Physiology and Medicine, Physics and Chemistry were officially announced. Especially, the Physics and Chemistry prizes were awarded to the discoveries and inventions all related to biological research and application. The exposition of the relationship between the Nobel prizes with current biological studies emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in the areas of physics, chemistry and biology. Related Articles | Metrics

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The novel function of SA receptor NPR1 in cold response in plant TIAN Yun 2018, 35 (6):  9.  Abstract ( 269 )   PDF   Save Plants have evolved sophisticated and fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms in response to various stresses. The NPR1 of salicylic acid (SA) receptor plays the essential role in plant innate immunity mediated by SA. In October 2018, the scientists have clarified the regulatory function and molecular mechanism of NPR1 in cold response in plant, and it was helpful to analyze the molecular network of precise controlling the responding of multi-stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of fructosyltransferase in Escherichia coli SONG Chun-li, YANG Hai-quan, MA Dao-cheng, XU Fei 2018, 35 (6):  11.  Abstract ( 405 )   PDF   Save In this study, the fructosyltransferase gene fru from Aspergillus niger was heterologously expressed with pET28a plasmid in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The enzymatic properties of recombinant fructosyltransferase were analyzed after purification. The results showed that the activity of recombinant fructosyltransferase was 18.4 U/mg, and the specific activity was 706.6 U/mg after purification. The optimum temperature and pH of recombinant fructosyltransferase were 45℃ and 5.5, respectively. The Km, Vmax and kcat values of recombinant fructosyltransferase were 1.8 mol/L, 8.2 mmol/(L·min) and 2558.5 s-1, respectively. On addition of 50.0 g/L and 100.0 g/L glucose, the Ki values were 3.4 mol/L and 0.3 mol/L, respectively. The recombinant fructosyltransferase was significantly activated by 1.0 mmol/L Co2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning, expression and CD spectra of the C-terminal domain of aggregate sticky glue 2 from Araneus Ventricosus ZHANG Lu, WEN Rui, LI Xue, MENG Qing, LIN Ying 2018, 35 (6):  16.  Abstract ( 247 )   PDF   Save The aggregate sticky glue (ASG) secreted by spider can form into very sticky droplets using for prey capture. As one component of ASG, ASG2 has been proved is a spidroin, which has the potential as a new type biomaterial for its unique material properties. At present, there are few researches about the C-terminal domain (CT) of the ASG2 which restricts the use of the ASG2. The sequence (AvAGS2CT) of the C-terminal domain of the ASG2 from Araneus ventricosus was firstly obtained via the single primer PCR based on the genomic DNA. And the AvAGS2CT was further cloned, expressed and purified with the finally yield of 75 mg/L; meanwhile, at the first time, the secondary structure of the AvAGS2CT protein was analyzed by the CD spectra, which indicated that the α-helix is its predominant secondary structure. These results provide useful information for the CT structural and functional analysis of ASG2. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a rhesus rotavirus induced diarrhea model in Balb/c neonatal mice QIAO Hong-tu, ZHOU Yan,YIN Na, CHEN Lin-lin, LIU Yang,SU Ting, SUN Mao-sheng, LI Hong-jun 2018, 35 (6):  22.  Abstract ( 493 )   PDF   Save In order to study the pathogenesis of rotavirus (RV), Balb/c neonatal mices were developed for diarrhea model using rotavirus strain SA11. These data provide theoretical and experimental basis for vaccine protection evaluation. The 7-day-old Balb/c mices were intragastrically administrated with RV SA11 strain in different doses. The diarrhea status of these mice were observed at different time points. These mices were euthanized and dissected. Heart, liver, spleen, lung, small intestine and kidney and other tissues of euthanized mices were collected and detected by immunofluorescence for Rotavirus distribution. The collected tissues were fixed in formalin and used in HE staining and IHC staining for the detection of pathological changes of jejunum and the apoptosis of the cells. Obvious diarrhea symptoms were observed at 24 h post inoculation with Rotavirus strain SA11. Pathological anatomy results showed that the intestines of these model mices were congested and flattened after 72 h infection. Compared to the controls,the results of intestine HE staining showed that the pathological changes in model mice were obvious, including vacuolar degeneration, edema and congestion of intestinal wall, integrity destruction of enteric epithelium and cell apoptosis, after intragastrically administered with SA11 strain. Rotavirus distribution in intestine and kidneys was also detected by immunofluorescence assay. In this study, the rotavirus diarrhea models of Balb/c neonatal mice were developed successfully with RV SA11 strain. In addition to small intestine distribution,we found that Rotavirus distribution could also be detected in kidney of Balb/c neonatal mice after infection. Related Articles | Metrics

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The analysis of genetic variation between black-necked crane and common crane based on mitochondrial genes WANG Ye-ying,BAI Zhi-zhou, XIONG Yong, ZHANG Ming-ming, SU Hai-jun 2018, 35 (6):  27.  Abstract ( 348 )   PDF   Save It is the genetic variation and structure of population that as the basis to determine the level and the unit of protection. In this research, source of DNA was sampled from faeces of the black-necked crane and common crane. We did the amplification of COI gene of the two cranes, then we analyzed the genetic variance of COI sequences combined with same genes from GenBank. The results showed that COI gene variants in the population of these two cranes are very small, almost zero, so we suggest to strengthen the protection of them. Alternatively, by the analysis of mutation loci ratio for each gene in the mitochondrial genome of black-necked crane and common crane, we found that proportion of mutation loci in CR and Cytb is higher than in other genes. Thus, we considered these four genes are the optimal molecular markers in the population genetics studies of black-necked crane and common crane. These results will provide the basis for the establishment of scientific protection strategy and lay the foundation for the molecular phylogeny and molecular molecular scatology of these two cranes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the C-type lectin gene (HsCTL) from the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis schlegelii PENG Kou, CHEN Yong-lin, WANG Jun-hua, QIU Qi-jun, HONG Yi-jiang 2018, 35 (6):  31.  Abstract ( 373 )   PDF   Save C-type lectins (CTLs) are Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins which are extensively present in plants, animals and microorganisms. CTLs were revealed to be able to recognize and bind the carbohydrate components on the cell surface of pathogenic microorganisms, and play crucial roles in innate immunity. To understand the molocular characterization of CTL and its potential function from a species of freshwater pearl mussel (Hyriopsis schlegelii), the cDNA sequence of one novel C-type lectin gene (named as HsCTL) in this study was cloned from H. Schlegelii for the first time by means of de novo transcriptome sequencing, combined with 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA consists of 1716 bp with one open reading frame (ORF) of 726 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 241 amino acids with 28 ku predicted molecular weight, one 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of 92 bp and one 3′-UTR of 898 bp. The HsCTL contained a typical signal peptide sequence with 23 amino acids and one carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). The CRD of HsCTL was composed of 115 residues, including 6 conserved cysteine residues and a QPD (Gln-Pro-Asp) motif which has a predicted binding specificity for galactose-type sugarin immune reactions. BLASTP analysis showed that the HsCTL shared the highest identity (reaching 36%) with the ortholog in sugpo prawn (Penaeus monodon), and 9.7%-18.1% with other molluscon orthologs. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the HsCTL fell on the same branch with P. monodon and Fenneropenaeus chinensiss. And then they were clustered with Hyriopsis cumingii and Haliotis diversicolor in a big branch in the neighbor-joining tree. Tissue expression analysis showed that the HsCTL mRNA was expressed in hepatopancrea, hemocyte, mantle, gill, adductor muscle and gonad, with the highest expression in hemocyte and then in mantle, hepatopancreas, gill and adductor muscle, with the lowest expression in gonad. After challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), HsCTL mRNA expression was upregulated significantly in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas. Our results implied that HsCTL plays an important role in the immune response in mussels and lays a foundation for studies on the H. schlegelii immune system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and phylogenetic analysis ribosomal 18S and ITS2 sequences in Daphniopsis tibetana Sars SHI Nan-bing, ZHAO Wen, LIU Wei-dong, WEI Jie, AN Hao, JI Shi-chen 2018, 35 (6):  37.  Abstract ( 255 )   PDF   Save In this article, the ribosomal 18S and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2)sequences of the Daphniopsis tibetana Sars were amplified and the evolutionary status were investigated. The results showed that the length of 18S rDNA sequence was 2296 bp, the contents of A, T (U), G and C were 21.2%, 24.4%, 29.8% and 24.6%, respectively, the average length of ITS2 sequence was 1229 bp, while the contents of A, T (U), G and C were 28.3%，23.5%，25.5%，22.7%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with the maximum likelihood method (ML)by MEGA5.0 software. It is showed that the genetic relationship between D. tibetana and D. quadrangula was so closest to clustere in the same branch. However, D. tibetana and Daphnia magna were clustered on different branches. It is confirmed that D. tibetana should be classified in the Daphniopsis genus, which is consistent with the previous studies. Compared with 18S rDNA, there were differences in base and length among the ITS2 sequences in D. tibetana. The divergence were obvious among the same family but different genera. The 18S rDNA and ITS2 sequences obtained from this study provide the basic data for the further molecular studies of D. tibetana. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yield response of wheat cultivars to low nitrogen stress and its  relationship with photosynthetic traits in flag leaves XIE Feng,WU Yue-jin,YANG Yang,NI Xiao-yu,YU Li-xiang,IU Bin-mei,WANG Yu 2018, 35 (6):  42.  Abstract ( 290 )   PDF   Save Selection and application of low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) is a possible option for reducing nitrogen input, increasing grain yield and improving land productivity. Seven representative wheat cultivars, with different yield levels, were used as tested material. Field experiment and laboratory hydroponics experiment were conducted during 2016- 2017 wheat growing season with the following objectives as: (i) to assess the yield response of different wheat cultivars to low nitrogen stress; (ii) to determine the photosynthetic mechanisms and the feasible photosynthetic parameters for selection of low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars. The field experiment consisted of 7 treatments (wheat cultivar), i.e., ‘Luohan 6’, ‘Shimai 15’, ‘Xuke 316’, ‘Xianmai 10’, ‘Liangxing 99’, ‘Xinong 979’, and ‘Bainong 418’. The laboratory hydroponics experiment consisted of 15 treatments, i.e., the combinations of 3 representative wheat cultivars (‘Luohan 6’, ‘Xianmai 10’, and ‘Liangxing 99’) and 5 nitrogen supply levels (0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mmol/L). Field experiment and laboratory hydroponics experiment both followed a randomized block design. The results showed that the low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivar ‘Liangxing 99’ increased wheat yield by 11.6% when compared with low nitrogen sensitive cultivar ‘Luohan 6’. Under low nitrogen stress in both field and laboratory experiments, low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars had relatively greater net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and carboxylation efficiency. Low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars can be preliminarily selected by using hydroponics experiments with the above-mentioned photosynthetic parameters as evaluation indicators. Overall, selection and application of low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars is of great significance to improving wheat productivity under low nitrogen stress. Some photosynthetic traits can be used to select low nitrogen tolerant wheat cultivars. Related Articles | Metrics

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Allelopathic effects of the moss species Hygrohypnum ochraceum on invasive plant Ipomoea purpurea LIU Jun-hua, CHEN Yin-ping 2018, 35 (6):  46.  Abstract ( 294 )   PDF   Save The allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from the moss species Hygrohypnum ochraceum on seed germination and seedling growth of the weed plant Ipomoea purpurea were examined in the laboratory. With H. ochraceum water extract for treatment liquid, I. purpurea seeds for biological materials, seed germination and seedling growth of I. purpurea had been investigated, and germination rate (GR), germination energy (GE), seedling length (SL), biomass (fresh weight and dry weight) and vigor index (VI), allelopathic effect response index (RI), synthetic effect (SE) were tested. The results showed that the seed germination and seedling growth of I. purpurea was obviously suppressed by water extracts of H. ochraceum. GR, GE, SL and biomass of I. purpurea were significantly reduced with the concentration increasing of H. ochraceum water extracts, and the indices of treatment groups were remarkably lower than that of control group (P<0.05). VI of I. purpurea seedling was significantly inhibited by H. ochraceum water extracts, and there was obvious decreasing trend with concentration increasing of water extracts. By analysising of the sensitivily of I. purpurea to the allelopathic effects of H. ochraceum, the highest SE value was -0.837（±0.038）. Thus, the moss species H. ochraceum could be used for weed plant (including Ipomoea purpurea) controlling. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of γ -aminobutyric acid on heat tolerance of tall fescue under heat stress XIA Qian-qian,ＧＡＮ Ｌi-jun 2018, 35 (6):  50.  Abstract ( 346 )   PDF   Save In this study, tall fescue (Arid 3) was used as the material to study the effect of preparation of γ-aminobutyric acid (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) on heat tolerance of tall fescue under heat stress. The results showed that different concentrations of GABA could alleviate the damage of high fescue seedlings under the heat stress of 42/30℃ (day/night). Further studies showed that exogenous GABA could not only reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 in seedlings under heat stress, but also enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). At the same time, it can also improve the soluble protein content in the seedlings and reduce the soluble sugar content and the relative conductivity of the leaf exudate. GABA at the concentration of 100 mg/L showed the best results. Related Articles | Metrics

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Medicinal plant resources and their diversity analysis in Chengkou county as the type locality, Chongqing ZHENG Yue-yue, RAO Dong-sheng, ZHAO Zheng-wu, LIU Yan 2018, 35 (6):  55.  Abstract ( 274 )   PDF   Save  Based on the literature available, the present study focused on the medicinal plant resources and their diversity analysis in Chengkou county as the type locality, Chongqing. The results showed there were 172 medicinal plant species in 97 genera and 50 families with the type locality of Chengkou county. Of these, the rare, endangered and endemic plant resources accounted for 29.07% of the total medicinal species, including one of the class I national priority species and three species endemic to Chongqing. The checklist was provided herein. The dominant families were Compositae, Umbelliferae, Ranunculaceae, Balsaminaceae and Primulaceae. The dominant genera were Impatiens, Saussurea, Arisaema and Primula. Perennial herbs were the majority life form, accounting for 55.81% of the total medicinal plant species. The number of species used by its whole plant and root accounted for 45.35% and 32.56%, respectively. The present study provids scientific evidence for development of Daodi herbs in Chengkou county, Chongqing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characteristics of Bipolaris maydis in Anhui province ZHAO Zhen-zhen, ZHENG Xun-mei, YE Zi-yuan, DAI Jing, CHEN Fang-xin, MEI Yu-yun 2018, 35 (6):  60.  Abstract ( 393 )   PDF   Save Corn southern leaf light caused by Bipolaris maydis is an important disease in maize production. It can cause great losses to the high yield and stable production in the severe years. In this paper, 30 strains were isolated from the leaf of corn southern leaf light collected from in Anhui province. The biological characteristics of mycelial growth rate, conidia production and conidia size of 30 strains were studied. The results showed that there were significant differences in the mycelial growth rate, conidia production and conidia size of different strains. The largest mycelial growth rate was FY1 strain and the smallest was BB2. The largest strain of conidia production was BB7, and the lowest strain was BB2.The conidia length of FY1 strain was the largest, and BB2 was the smallest. The conidia width of FY3 strain was the largest, and BB1 was the smallest. In addition, the colony size and color of different strains were also significantly different. The comprehensive analysis of mycelial growth rate, conidia production and colony color suggested that the mycelial grouth rate and conidia production have no positive correlation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytogenetic toxicity at mitotic stages of Vicia faba root tip cells induced by black carbon LI Ao, SHANG Meng-ting, MU Kui, JIANG Shuang-lin 2018, 35 (6):  64.  Abstract ( 280 )   PDF   Save The micronucleus test (MCNT) on root tip cells of Vicia faba was used to monitor the cytogenetic toxicity of black carbon. The results showed that when black carbon concentration was 10-40 mg/L, no significant effect of black carbon on micronucleus ratio, karyokinesis index and multi-nucleolus ratio was found compared with that of the control（P>0.05）. However, as the concentration of black carbon increased to 80-320 mg/L, the micronucleus ratio and multi-nucleolus ratio significantly rose（P<0.05）, while the karyokinesis index significantly decreased（P<0.05）. At 320 mg/L, the micronucleus ratio was 38.9 ‰，the multi-nucleolus ratio was 35.91%, and karyokinesis index was only 1.075%. The results suggested that the genetic toxicity of black carbon at low concentrations was low and had a certain extent genetic toxicity at high concentrations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the community structure of zooplankton in Biliuhe Reservoir and basin JI Shi-chen, LI Yuan, ZHAO Wen, CHEN Hui-xia, XIE Zai-gang, ZHANG Jia-wei, WEI Jie, CAI Zhi-long 2018, 35 (6):  68.  Abstract ( 260 )   PDF   Save To evaluate Biliuhe Reservoir pollution condition and provide scientific guidance for the future development, physicochemical factors, abundance, biomass, species composition and biodiversity of zooplankton in Biliuhe Reservoir and basin were studied from August 2014 to May 2015. And the relationships of above all were analyzed by means of CCA methods. The results showed that there were 265 species of zooplankton, divided into four categories, including 131 genera in Biliuhe Reservoir and basin. The average density of zooplankton in the reservoir was 282.65 ind/L, and the average biomass was 0.17 mg/L.The average density of zooplankton in the river basin was 125.06 ind/L, and the average biomass was 0.03 mg/L. The result of CCA indicated that the Pielou evenness index of zooplankton had correlation with dissolved oxygen, transparency and density of phytoplankton. Density, biomass and diversity index of zooplankton had significant positive correlation with NO-3-N, density, diversity index, Pielou evenness index of phytoplankton, and negative correlation with water temperature, pH and NO-2-N. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of several environmental factors on the motility of sperm in Opsariichthys bidens ZHENG Xue-bin,ZHANG Qing-ke,ZHU Yong-mei.ZHU Jun-quan 2018, 35 (6):  74.  Abstract ( 265 )   PDF   Save In order to study the physiological characteristics of sperm in Opsariichthy bidens, the effects of several environmental factors (pH value, glucose and ions solutions) on sperm motility were analyzed by determinating activation rate, moving time and life-span of sperm. The results indicated that the mean density of sperm was (1.227±0.13)×1010/mL. The results also showed higher values for sperm motility at pH 6.0~7.5, and the optimum result was obtained when the sperm was activated in the solution of pH 6.0. The activation rate, moving time and life-span were (77.67±3.51)%, (43.00±2.08)s and (47.67±1.00)s, respectively. The activation rate was lower when the sperm was activated in glucose solution during the concentration of 6-10 g/L. When the sperm was activated in the solution containing 9 g/L glucose, the activation rate, moving time and life-span of sperm were (41.66±7.02)%, (9.33±8.62)s and (51.00±19.70)s, respectively, and only this group observed the normal movement of the sperm. What′s more, it was found that K+ and Na+ could improve the sperm motility of O. bidens. The activation rate, moving time and life-span of sperm could reach to (80.00±5.29)%, (108.67±18.04)s and (697.00±47.03)s, respectively, in KCl solution (5 g/L). The activation rate, moving time and life-span were (60.33±7.77)%, (33.00±13.11)s and (208.00±54.84)s, respectively, when the sperm activated in NaCl solution(4 g/L). In the MgCl2 solution(1-5 g/L), a certain proportion of sperm could be activated, but the sperm just trembled in situ. The sperm of O. bidens could be activated in CaCl2 solution(1-5 g/L) too, and the optimum result obtained in the solution containing 1 g/L CaCl2: the activition rate, moving time and life-span of sperm were (50.33±1.53)%, (31.00±1.00)s and (34.67±2.52)s, respectively. A higher proportion of sperm was activated in the Cd2+ solution(0.000 5-5 mg/L), but the sperm died immediately after acute movement, and the adjustment of Cd2+ to 50 mg /L and 500 mg /L resulted in agglutination and death of sperm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interspecific association of the major insect species in patchiness wetlands of Yan′an during autumn XU Shi-cai, ZHANG Zhen 2018, 35 (6):  79.  Abstract ( 248 )   PDF   Save This paper researched the cause for multiplication of Chironomidae in Yan′he watershed by analysis of the interspecific association between the major insect species in patchiness wetlands of Yan′an based on the use of 2×2 contingency table, a series of parameters including variance ratio analysis, χ2-test, association coefficient(AC), Person′s correlation(PCC)，and matching coefficient between pairs of species. The result showed that the variance ratio analysis of major insect species in autumn was significantly negatively correlated(VR=0.552＜1), χ2-test results showed no extremly significant correlation, 3 pairs were significantly correlated, interspecific association tended to independent and random distribution overall. In the 210 species pair, there were 87 species pairs with |AC|＞0.6, 61 species with |PCC|≥0.3, 27 species with PC≥0.3, 72 species with DI≥0.3, and 75 species with OI≥0.3. There was significantly interspecific association for 2 species pairs, among 89 species pairs which were related to Chironomidae, AC index and PCC index showed that the interconnection between species was weak, PC, and DI and OI indexes were concentrated in district(0≤PC＜0.3). The result showed that there was no significant or strong interspecific associations observed between Chironomidae and other species in same period. Related Articles | Metrics

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The characteristics of echolocation and aggressive calls of the Woolly horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus luctus LIU Sen, DAI Wen-tao, LENG Hai-xia, ZHU Yue, GU Hao,UN Cong-nan, ZHAO Xin, JIANG Ting-lei 2018, 35 (6):  84.  Abstract ( 312 )   PDF   Save  The woolly horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus luctus), a large Rhinolophidae species, is vast unknown in its acoustic information, because of its smaller population. Echolocation and aggressive calls of a male R. luctus (Forearm 69.24 mm, Weight 13.1 g), which was captured in an artificial tunnel in Beiwan Village (N33°22′， E111°55′), Qiliping Country, Neixiang Town, Henan Province in May 2016, were recorded by ultrasound recorder (Sound Gate 116, Avisoft Bioacoustics, Germany), and analyzed by Avisoft-SASLab Pro version 5.1. The peak frequency of echolocation calls is about 31.8 kHz. Its aggressive calls contain two simple syllables (BNBl, bUFM) and one composite syllable (NB-UFM), forming 6 types of phrases. The phrases, in general, begin with BNBl syllable, and end with NB-UFM or bUFM syllable; BNBl or NB-UFM syllable will occur as middle syllables in the longer phrases. Most of these phrases, only consisting with 2, 3, or 4 syllables, indicating that shorter phrases could save energy. The aggressive calls of R. luctus also conform to accord the Morton motivation-structural rules. This work supports basic data for the further research in the acoustic communication of R. luctus. Related Articles | Metrics

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The maintenance of calcium homeostasis in muscle cells and the changes of calcium homeostasis under simulated weightlessness YU Lei,ZHAO Xue-hong,ZHANG Jing-shu, FAN Xiao-li, LI Xue-ping,ZHU Juan-xia 2018, 35 (6):  88.  Abstract ( 294 )   PDF   Save Ca2+ triggers the contraction of muscle and participates in the regulation of muscle cells′ activities. The maintenance of calcium homeostasis plays an important role in the muscle contractile function. The imbalance of calcium homeostasis, and the transition of myosin phenotype and the decrease of skeletal muscle contractile function are closely related to the simulated weightlessness. The relationship between calcium homeostasis and muscle atrophy under simulated weightlessness and the possible mechanism of calcium homeostasis are reviewed in this article. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of salt tolerance evaluation in plants and tolerance evaluation strategy ZHANG Xiang-feng, YANG Xiao-rong, JIAO Zi-wei 2018, 35 (6):  91.  Abstract ( 298 )   PDF   Save Soil salinization is a serious threat to the growth and development of plants. Screening salt tolerant plant varieties is very necessary. It is based on proper evaluation of their salt tolerance. We reviewed the research on salt tolerance evaluation of plants from four aspects: selection of plant salt tolerance evaluation period, suitable cultivation method for salt tolerance evaluation, selection of salt tolerance evaluation index and comprehensive evaluation method of salt tolerance. In addition, the systematic salt tolerance evaluation strategy was put forward to provide reference for the salt tolerance evaluation in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances in inhibitory effects on phytoplankton mediated by aquatic plants QIAN Yan-ping, ZHAO Chu, TIAN Ru-nan 2018, 35 (6):  95.  Abstract ( 423 )   PDF   Save With rapid economic and social development, water eutrophication is becoming one of the major environmental problems. Eutrophication has significant adverse impacts on flora and fauna as well as aquatic ecosystems, such as blue-green algae blooms. Allelopathy is one of the ecologically effective measures to inhibit algae. Types of submerged plants, emergent plants and floating plants that have inhibitory effects on algae were summarized. Besides, with the perspective of the inhibitory actions of algae, it was concluded that aquatic plants co-cultivated with algae, culture water of aquatic plants and organic extracts or allelochemicals are three ways to inhibit the growth of algae. Prospects for the future research on antibacterial effects and mechanisms of aquatic plants were also presented. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of microRNAs in animal fatty acid metabolism CAO Ming-yue, ZHANG Yu, LI Juan, ZHAO Ya-yun, XUE Liang-yi 2018, 35 (6):  98.  Abstract ( 285 )   PDF   Save MicroRNA is an evolutionary conservative non-coding RNA with only single strand, and plays a role in regulating various biological functions. Fatty acid metabolism is one of the important material and energy metabolisms in living organisms, and closely related to human health. In recent years, many studies have revealed that microRNA is closely related to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. This paper reviewed the regulatory relation between microRNAs and fatty acid catabolism-related genes (carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors, lipoprotein lipase and hormone sensitive lipase), and fatty acid anabolism related genes (fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein). Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of high throughput liquid-phase blocking CLIA for detecting antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus type O#br# WANG Shi-jie, WANG Chun-xin,LU Fei, YANG Yan-kun,LIU Xue-rong, AN Fang-lan, BAI Zhong-hu 2018, 35 (6):  102.  Abstract ( 273 )   PDF   Save In order to diagnose and monitor FMD(foot-and-mouth disease) efficiently and accurately, this study established a high throughput liquid-phase blocking CLIA antibody detection method of the O-type FMD. Through using one single dilution instead of the gradient dilution, the detection flux was raised about 5 times. The test results were assessed by percentage inhibition, and the optimal cut-off value was 62.5% determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Repeatability test showed the intro batch CV was under 10% and the inter batch CV was under 15%. By comparing the results of 326 field serum samples with those of LPB-ELISA, the sensitivity, sepecificity and accuraly were 94.6%, 95.6% and 95.1%, respectively. The results showed that the kit reduce the time and economic cost on the basis of the good sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the results. It also provides a new method for the quarantine of foot and mouth disease in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of teachers′ scientific research project in the reform of experimental teaching WANG Bo, LI Wen-fen, YAN Heng-mei 2018, 35 (6):  107.  Abstract ( 291 )   PDF   Save In order to solve the problem of the heavy teaching and research task of young teachers in private colleges or universities, we try to combine teachers′ research projects with experimental teaching content. Through careful selection of experimental items that are suitable for difficulty and conducive to cultivating students′ innovative thinking and scientific literacy, reasonable arrangements for in-class and extra-curricular experimental progress, we optimized assessment methods to improve students′ experimental participation. The ultimate goal is to develop students′ ability to analyze problems and solve practical problems. Related Articles | Metrics

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The active mechanism of gradually energesis of biological oxidation XIA Xun-li 2018, 35 (6):  111.  Abstract ( 909 )   PDF   Save The biological oxidation of nutrient substance in the organism differs in its external combustion, which C atoms and H atoms directly are oxidized with O atoms in a moment and release a lot of energy. The biological oxidation of nutrient substance in organism gradually releases off energy and stores a portion of energy as ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in appropriate temperature and physiological conditions. There are mainly two forms in the mechanism of gradually energesis of biological oxidation: one being the respiratory chain, which H atoms in nutrient substance are decomposed off with NADH or FADH2 for entering into the respiratory chain and its energy gradually being released off along the respiratory chain coupling with the synthesis of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation; the other being add H2O to change C with H, which H2O is added upon C atom of the nutrient substance or its intermediate for O atom of H2O being combined with C atom to form CO2 by organic acid decarboxylation and H atom of H2O being decomposed off with NADH or FADH2 by dehydrogenases for entering into the respiratory chain, so energy of C atom is changed for H atomic energy and then gradually released off through the respiratory chain. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tutorial system of molecular biology designing experimental teaching CHEN Ke-ke, CHEN Dan-Na, LIU Jia, TANG Liang, LUO Qiong, ZHAO Juan, HE Qi-zhi 2018, 35 (6):  114.  Abstract ( 233 )   PDF   Save Experimental teaching plays an very important role for the training of innovate students. In order to improve the training quality of applied biotechnology talents, our institute has carried out the exploration and practice of tutorial system in molecular biology design experiment teaching. This paper discusses the practice of the tutorial system in the design of experimental teaching, and evaluates the implementation effect through the empirical results, in order to provide theoretical basis for the promotion of the tutorial system in talent training. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and practice of the evaluation system in genetics experiment teaching WANG Hong,WANG Bo,CHANG Jin,FENG Hang 2018, 35 (6):  117.  Abstract ( 243 )   PDF   Save In order to explore the establishment and practice of the evaluation system for genetics experiment teaching, the genetics experiment contents were divided into three types, including the verification and basic skills experiments, the comprehensive experiments and the comprehensive design experiments. The three inspection points were set up in the evaluation system, including practice ability, innovation ability and learning attitude. Meanwhile, different assessment items were set under these inspection points. According to the different types' experiments， the scores list were set up, and the achievement of student′s experiment process was evaluated by the this scores list. Each assessment item were elaborated and quantized in the evaluation system. This evaluation system has a stronger operability for striving to the comprehensive evaluation of students′ practical ability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the innovative teaching mode in the classroom of  life science based on the mobile internet platform WU Xiao-min,ZHANG Xiao-chun, SONG Yun-xian, HUANG Zhuo-ran,ZHANG Xing-wang, ZHANG Qiang,ZHANG Hai-jun 2018, 35 (6):  120.  Abstract ( 238 )   PDF   Save The rapid development of mobile internet technology and the popularity of campus wireless network provide opportunities to improve teaching mode. Based on the mobile internet platform, the innovative teaching mode (ITM) is explored, and it is important to improve teaching effectiveness. The "computational aided drug design" course is taken as an example in this paper. The learning app designed by Chaoxing company and general network course platform of Huaibei normal university are utilized throughout our teaching process. The curriculum resources are constructed through integrating traditional multimedia slides with the latest progress of scientific reports, and then upload them to share in the cloud storage of learning APP. The students can download them in their mobile client and conveniently study online and offline. The implementation of classroom teaching process is not traditional single teacher explanation model. The innovative teaching model based on the mobile internet platform could perfectly solve the difficulty of student preview before class. In class, the discussion of difficult problem and the analysis of classic case can be paid more attention to enhance the absorption of key section. After the class, the students can devote to their operation of practice and training. The design, implementation and assessment of this teaching mode can effectively promote the students' absorption and comprehensively applied ability, achieving the requirements for talent cultivation programs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Simulating the degrees of freedom of sample variance by using Excel#br# DING Jian-hua, XUE Jie-bo, ZHANG Zheng 2018, 35 (6):  124.  Abstract ( 355 )   PDF   Save Although the degrees of freedom concept is very important in biostatistics, in many textbooks, there are no clear definitions or adequate explanations of the concept. Consequently, the degrees of freedom concept is too abstract to be grasped by students, as well as being difficult to be explained by teachers. Moreover, the concept is often introduced firstly into biostatistics textbooks at calculating the sample variance. If the concept is expressed more vividly at this time, it will bring students a solid foundation for the follow-up study. In this paper, the VBA programming and graphics function of Excel software are used to simulate the process of random sampling, which can show the connotation of degrees of freedom more vividly and stimulate students′ interests in learning, so as to achieve a good teaching effect. Related Articles | Metrics

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A brief analysis of the effects of ancient poetries in biology teaching XIANG Xiao-yan, WU Gan-lin, ZHANG Zhong-xin 2018, 35 (6):  127.  Abstract ( 305 )   PDF   Save The classroom is not only the place for students to achieve wisdom, but also the place to cultivate their emotion, attitude and values. The appropriate use of ancient poetries in the teaching of biology can make teachers′ language more artistic, make students′ mind more active, motivate their learning interest, improve their humanistic qualities and emotional values, so as to strengthen the effects of teaching. Related Articles | Metrics