Table of Content

18 December 2017, Volume 34 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Bioinformatics analysis of plaA and plaS in Serratia marcescens WANG Ying, WANG Zhou, ZHANG Qin, WANG Qing-qing, JIANG Lan, WU Xuan, DING Heng-wu, LIU Bi-rong, XUE Zheng-lian, KAN Xian-zhao 2017, 34 (6):  1.  Abstract ( 453 )   PDF   Save Phospholipase A1 (plaA) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids. We used bioinformatics methods to analyze plaA and its accessory protein gene (plaS), which will provide a basis for further study of phospholipase. We cloned and sequenced the plaA and plaS of Serratia marcescens, and the characteristics of nucleotide and amino acid sequence were analysed. Furthermore, we also predicted the secondary structure and tertiary structure of PlaA and PlaS protein. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and bayesian inference (BI) methods. The results showed that the dN / dS of plaS was higher than that of plaA, suggesting that the selection pressure is stronger and the evolution rate is slower. The secondary structure of PlaA and PlaS protein were mainly composed of α-helix and random coil. Bootstrap values of 16S tree were lower than that of trees referred from two genes (plaA + plaS ). Based on the phylogenetic tree which constructed by plaA，plaS and 16S, both Serratia nematodiphila and S. ureilytica were clustered together with S. marcescens. The two strains of Serratia may be more related to S. marcescens. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect on cell migration in bladder epithelial cell by galactosyltransferase β4GalT1 LI Hong-jiao, GUO Jia, YANG Gang-long, LIU Chang-mei, LI Xiang, GUAN Feng 2017, 34 (6):  7.  Abstract ( 288 )   PDF   Save Aberrant glycosylation is known to be closely associated with cancer progression, and glycans are synthesized by glycosyltransferases. Therefore, we studied the effect of β4GalT1 on cell behavior in bladder cancer. In this study, human HCV29 non-malignant urothelial cells and YTS1 bladder cancer cells were used as the cell models. The terminal lactosyl epitopes were elevated in YTS1 by lectin staining and the expression of β4GalT1 was found up-regulated in YTS1 compared with HCV29 using western blot and Realtime-PCR test. In TGF-β induced EMT process, the expression of β4GalT1 and terminal lactosyl epitopes significantly increased in TGF-β-treated HCV29. The cell migration increased in β4GalT1 overexpressed HCV29, and the cell migration decreased in β4GalT1 knockdown HCV29, which demonstrated that β4GalT1 could promote the migration of bladder cells. Further research is required to understand the effect of β4GalT1 on the cancer progression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of temperature on microencapsulated recombinant CHO cells proliferation and DSPA production WANG Yu, HE Sheng-nan,CAI Zhi-ming, MOU Li-sha 2017, 34 (6):  13.  Abstract ( 304 )   PDF   Save To investigate the effects of temperature on microencapsulated recombinant CHO (rCHO) cells proliferation, metabolism and recombinant protein expression, microencapsulated rCHO cells were cultured under different temperature. MTT method was used to measure the cell density, biosensor was used to measure the metabolism of glucose and lactate, and fibrin plate assay was used to measure the expression of DSPA protein. Lower temperature inhibited the cell growth rate and cell density, but improved the DSPA production capacity of microencapsulated rCHO. The DSPA production increased by 41% at 33℃ compared with 37℃.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors targeting to ezrin enhancer key region GUO Xiao-long, ZHANG Qing-feng, YE Qing-song, MO Zhen-tao, LI Wen-na, GAO Shu-ying 2017, 34 (6):  19.  Abstract ( 426 )   PDF   Save The aim of this study is to construct CRISPR/Cas9 vectors, which targets the key region of human ezrin enhancer, and assays knockout function of the vectors. Two gRNAs, aiming at upstream and downstream of human ezrin enhancer key region respectively, were designed, synthesized and ligated into plasmid pX459 to construct pX459-sgRNA-EL and pX459-sgRNA-ER. Then, the correct CRISPR/Cas9 recombinant plasmids were co-transfected into human esophageal carcinoma EC109 cells. Genomic DNA was extracted for PCR amplification of a region flanking the CRISPR target sites and subclonal sequencing analysis. By restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing assay, it was confirmed that CRISPR/Cas9 recombinant plasmids were constructed successfully. Deletion of the ezrin enhancer key region was found in co-transfection cells genomic DNA. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9 vectors targeting human gene enhancer key region were constructed and could create fixed sequence knockout. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of SP600125 on embryonic development and expression of JNK1 in goldfish Carassius auratus ZOU Li-jun, GONG Jing, HUANG Wen, ZHUANG Yuan-hong, LIAO Hai-yan, JI Lu 2017, 34 (6):  23.  Abstract ( 314 )   PDF   Save The objective of this study was to explore the correlation of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in the process of embryonic development of Goldfish (Carassius auratus）. SP600125, a JNK-specific inhibitor, gives rise to high mortality in goldfish; the expression of JNK1 was studied and analyzed in different developmental phases of embryo by using Quantitative Real-time PCR and Western Blotting. It was found that SP600125 could significantly block the embryo development time after gastrula stage. SP600125 is also responsible for the severe abnormality of organs, especially the brain, eyes, heart and skeletal system. The qPCR analysis revealed that JNK1 appeared as "high-low-high-low"expression pattern during different stages of embryonic development in experimental group and control group. Western Blotting analysis showed that expression tendency of JNK1 protein was in line with that of JNK1 mRNA in the control group. However, in the experimental group, JNK1 protein maintained a low level increase after gastrula stages compare to the control group. Together, these results suggested that JNK signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development and organogenesis of fish. Related Articles | Metrics

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Primary analysis of the function of zona pellucida in Dissostichus mawsoni FU Yan-xia, HUANG Qiao, CHEN Liang-biao 2017, 34 (6):  28.  Abstract ( 308 )   PDF   Save The previous studies have shown that ZPC5 expressed in the ovary of the Antarctic notothenioid fishes, however, the specific function of ZPC5 is unclear until now. In order to clarify whether ZPC5 has an ability to avoid fish-freezing at the low temperature， here, we attempted the overexpression of ZPC5 in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and then treated CHO cells in the low temperature, by monitoring the survival rate of CHO cells, thus we revealed about the function of zpc5 in fishes. The survival rate of CHO cells treated at 0℃ for 16 h was significantly higher than that of the mock (P<0.001), which proved that zpc5 improved the cold resistance of the cells. The Western Blot analysis showed that the zpc5 was highly expressed in CHO cells and the expression of ZPC5 was significantly increased at 0℃, which proved that the low temperature guided the expression of ZPC5. Our data suggested that ZPC5 may be involved in the resistance process of the Antarctic notothenioid fishes to the cold environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different bioflocs conditions on feeding of Eriocheir sinensis SUN Zhong-yong,LI Jia-yao,YANG Xiao-zhen, LI Cong,CHENG Yong-xu 2017, 34 (6):  32.  Abstract ( 360 )   PDF   Save Biofloc technology is a technique of reducing the feed coefficient and improving the survival rate of aquaculture animals and reducing the row of aquaculture sewage. It has been matured in the intensive culture of fish and shrimp. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the application of biofloc technology in Eriocheir sinensis breeding. In this experiment, suitable biofloc conditions for feeding crab were discussed from the feeding environment (aeration and aquatic plants), feeding time and flocculation concentration. The feeding differences were evaluated by intestine fullness index and intestinal filling. The results showed after feeding for 2 h, intestinal could be saturated; within the same feeding time, the intestine fullness index and the filling degree of the group with aquatic plants were significantly higher than those of other groups (P < 0.05); intermediate levels of bioflocs (TSS between 500 and 600 mg/L) appeared to be more suitable to super intensive culture of Eriocheir sinensis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of acute cadmium stress on serum iron metabolism indicators of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris DU Jing-ya, MIAO Liang, LI Ming-yun, MU Fang-shen, HOU Hong-hong, ZHAO Liang 2017, 34 (6):  37.  Abstract ( 248 )   PDF   Save The effects of acute cadmium stress on iron metabolism were investigated in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris. Fish was exposed to different concentration Cd2+ (0.05, 0.25, 0.5 and 5 mg/L) for 24 h, and the concentration of serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin were detected. The results showed that the concentration of serum iron increased at first and then descended (P<0.05), and there had a positive correlation between the variation range of serum iron and Cd2+ concentration. In the four experimental groups, the minimal value of serum iron was all appeared at 6 h after Cd2+ exposed, and the value at 24 h was all significantly higher than 0 h (P<0.05). The total iron binding capacity showed changes of decrease to increase, while the change extent had no significant (P>0.05) in 0.05 mg/L group. At 24 h, total iron binding capacities recovered to or exceed the normal levels (0 h) except 5 mg/L group. In 0.05 and 0.25 mg/L groups, the concentration of serum ferritin had no significant changes during experimental period. In 0.5 and 5 mg/L groups, the concentration of serum ferritin increased significantly after 12h (P<0.05), and the increased extent was positive correlation to Cd2+ concentration. The results could provide reference for investigating the toxicity metabolism of cadmium to B. pectinirostris through interfering iron metabolism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the role of endocrine hormone regulations in Tupaia belangeri under the condition of seasonal simulation environment ZHU Wan-long, XIE Jing, CAI Jin-hong, WANG Zheng-kun 2017, 34 (6):  42.  Abstract ( 207 )   PDF   Save In order to investigate the roles of endocrine hormone in the regulation of body mass of Tupaia belangeri, serum leptin levels, insulin levels, and the levels of thyroid hormone under simulating winter and summer environments were measured. The results showed that serum leptin levels in T. belangeri in simulating winter environment reduced significantly with the acclamation time; insulin levels were significantly correlated to leptin levels, indicating that insulin could positively modulaten and stimulate leptin secretion in T. belangeri; simulating winter environment increased thyroid hormone T3 levels significantly, thereby enhancing the heat production capacity, and simulated summer environment had no obvious influence on the thyroid hormone T3 levels, but showed a decreasing trend in a certain extent, weakened the heat production. All of these results suggested that T. belangeri in seasonal change process will be through the adjustment of endocrine hormone levels to regulate the energy metabolism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Histomorphology comparison of adipose tissues in Tupaia belangeri with high-glucose-fat-diet ZUO Mu-lin,BAI Chun-ling, ZHU Wan-long, DONG Xin-yi, ZENG Tian-lei, WANG Zheng-kun 2017, 34 (6):  46.  Abstract ( 273 )   PDF   Save This work focused on histological study on adipose tissue in Tupaia belangeri by paraffin section, HE staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that the morphological changes of adipocytes in the Tupaia belangeri were observed under the action of high-glucose-fat-diet, and the large number of adipocytes of small fat droplets appeared, and the diameter of fat droplets became larger. The expression of UCP1 was increased at 28 d, and decreased at 49 d after exposure to white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. This study showed that there was beige in white adipose tissue, high-glucose-fat-diet had an induction of heat production, too obese, and the animal′s heat will be reduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of phytoplankton community structure in Zhangye National Wetland Park YANG Song-qi, CHEN Tian-ren, KE Xuan, LUO Guang-hong 2017, 34 (6):  51.  Abstract ( 284 )   PDF   Save The six stations of Zhangye National Wetland Park in drought and cold area were selected for surveying phytoplankton community structure and water environmental quality from 2014a to 2015a. The results showed that in the park there were 257 species belonging to 8 divisions, 91 genera and including variants. The average density of phytoplankton in the spring, summer, autumn and winter were 1.02×106, 1.04×107, 7.12×106 and 9.28×105 cells/L, respectively. The dominant species ecological succession was remarkable in each season. Bacillariophyta was dominated in spring and winter. However, blue-green algae was dominated in summer and autumn. The phytoplankton communities were varied with the Shannon-Weaver diversity index of 1.02-3.45, the Margalef richness index of 2.35-4.18 and Pielou evenness of 0.27-0.89, respectively. Through the comprehensive evaluation to diversity and density of algae, the water was moderately polluted in summer due to a large number of visitors to the park while the remaining seasons had high water quality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bacterial diversity analysis in Shahu Lake based-on high-throughput sequencing ZHANG Yan-ling, LI Jing-yu, LIU Jian-li, LIU Ya-qin,ZHANG Yi-fei, ZHAO Ji, DENG Wei 2017, 34 (6):  56.  Abstract ( 256 )   PDF   Save In order to investigate the structure and diversity of microbial community in Shahu Lake, the total DNA of bacteria from water samples was extracted by E.Z.N.A. Water DNA extraction kit, then the V4-V5 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced by MiSeq technology. Mothur software and R language were used to analyze the microbial community structure and diversity. A total of 427975 optimized sequences were obtained, and 20 Phylum, 50 Class, 95 Order, 161 Family, and 276 Genus were predicted at the 97% similarity level. The OTUs for A, B, C and D were 497, 496, 487 and 511, respectively. Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes are dominant groups. The microbial community structure in Shahu Lake is complex, but the composition and diversity of microbial community structure are not significant at different sites. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of a zinc-resistance strain and research on its growth characteristics CAO Li, LI Xiao-hui, ZHANG Qin-hui, JIA Dong-bo, SUN Xiao-jie, XU Li-mei, LEI Yu-ming 2017, 34 (6):  60.  Abstract ( 247 )   PDF   Save A bacterium with strong tolerance to zinc, strain HXZ-1, was isolated from sewage of a paper mill. It could tolerate 1000 mg/L of zinc ion. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the physiologic & biochemical characteristics, it was identified as Promicromonospora sp. HXZ-1. The culture conditions of strain HXZ-1 were zinc ion concentration of 50 mg/L, glucose as carbon source and peptone as the nitrogen source. When the concentration of zinc ions in cultural liquid was 50 mg/L, the zincic adsorption rate of HXZ-1 reached the maximum of 29.1%; the maximum zincic adsorption rate of strain HXZ-1 run up to 18.8% after cultured 10 h in concentration of zinc ions as 500 mg/L. Strain HXZ-1 had better adsorption effect and tolerance to zinc.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Biological characteristics and conservation of Larix potaninii var. chinensis QIAO Meng-ping, LI Jun-sheng, HE Jing, DU Le-shan, FU Gang, LIU Dong-mei 2017, 34 (6):  65.  Abstract ( 237 )   PDF   Save Larix potaninii var. chinensis is one of the national second-class protected plants. As an alpine species in the Qinling Mountains, it plays an important role in soil and water conservation and solid rock. Due to human disturbance, climate change and other reasons, the distribution area of Larix potaninii var. chinensis gradually reduced, facing endangered. This paper reviewed the community characteristics, population characteristics, reproductive characteristics, genetic characteristics of Larix potaninii var. chinensis, and hoped to provide basic data for further studing on the conservation biology of Larix potaninii var. chinensis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of the relationship between TSPY gene and human tumor SHAO Ying, LIU Chang-hai 2017, 34 (6):  69.  Abstract ( 586 )   PDF   Save  Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded (TSPY) gene is a specific gene which is located and encoded on Y chromosome. In humans, TSPY is mainly expressed in fetal and adult testis, where its expression is limited to gonocytes and prespermatogonia during fetal and neonatal development, and restricted to spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and round spermatids in adult testis. TSPY is also expressed, although much more weakly, in epithelial cells of the prostate gland. TSPY has been classified as a tissue-enriched gene that is highly expressed in a specific organ (testis) and is not expressed, or is expressed at much lower levels, in other tissues. It was found in a large number researches that specific expression of TSPY gene exists in many human tumors, which revealed a fact that TSPY gene is closely related to the formation of human tumors. The function and possible mechanism of TSPY gene in the process of tumor formation will be discussed in order to provide scientific reference for the basic research of sex-dependent tumors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances in whole-genome sequencing of representative fish species CHEN Hong-yu, CHEN Yan-yan, LI Rong, XIAO Heng, CHEN Shan-yuan 2017, 34 (6):  73.  Abstract ( 437 )   PDF   Save Fishes are not only one of major groups with highest species diversity among vertebrates, but also one of important parts for studying vertebrate evolutionary processes. Based on available information from whole-genome sequencing of representative fish species, in order to understand changes in genomes or genes that occurred during vertebrate evolutionary processes from Agnatha to Chondrichthyes and to Osteichthyes, this paper reviews genome duplication, evolution of important genes, and evolution of immune systems in fishes, aming to provide reference for future evolutionary genomics study on fishes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advance in soil methanotrophs community structure CAO Shu-zhen,SHEN Yuan-yuan,WANG Feng-qin,SONG An-dong,SANG Yu-qiang 2017, 34 (6):  78.  Abstract ( 323 )   PDF   Save Methane, one of the greenhouse gases, has a strong ability in absorbing infrared radiation and its warming potential of single molecule is 15-30 times higher than CO2. Soil methane absorption plays the significant role in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in ecosystem and carbon balance. In recent years, scientists have done a lot of researches on soil methanotrophic bacterias, and there are also many problems at the same time. This article starts with the methanotrophic microorganisms and summarizes the research advance in soil methane oxidation domestically and internationally. The various molecular biology methods used in methane oxidative bacteria community structure were introduced. It aims to synthesize the research advance in soil methane oxidation and the influence mechanism at home and abroad, which provides theoretical reasons to recognize the role of soil methanotrophic bacterias in global climate change and a theoretical guidance for carrying out the research of surficial methane flux. Related Articles | Metrics

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The research progress of tissue optical clearing techniques LI Ya-min, XUE Cheng-zhi,LI Gui-ye, HU Zhang-li,RUAN Shuang-chen, CHEN Ling-ling 2017, 34 (6):  83.  Abstract ( 476 )   PDF   Save Tissue optical clearing methods, which transform intact opaque tissue into an optically transparent construct by reducing light scattering and then can be further combined with optical imaging technology to facilitate intact tissue organ deep optical (fluorescence/absorption) three-dimensional imaging, have been attracted increasing interest in biomedical photonics area due to their advantages compared to conventional mechanical-sectioning-based methods. This paper summarized optical clearing principles, main approaches and their current research situation and achievements in biomedicine, especially in the field of brain science. The comparison of their performance parameters and the further development challenge were also presented. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the new extraction technology of gelatin in animal bone XU Li-xin, LI Heng-yue, ZHAO Dong-xu 2017, 34 (6):  89.  Abstract ( 297 )   PDF   Save The improvement of the traditional gelatin extraction process can help to improve the production efficiency. We used animal bones to extract gelatin by ultrasonic technique. Based on the single factor experiments, the influence of the hydrochloric acid concentration, ultrasonic power, pickling time, ratio of liquid to materials for removing minerals was determined. The bone was desalted with HCl on the best conditions as follows: HCl concentration, 3%; ultrasonic power, 1000 W; pickling time 3 d, the weight of bone: the weight of HCl 1∶ 10. The best condition for the gelatin extraction yield was determined as follows: alkali soaking time, 6 d; ultrasonic power, 1000 W; water extraction pH 5; the weight of bone∶ the weight of water, 3∶ 10. The gelatin extraction yield was 14.52% under the best condition. The distribution of gelatin molecules was measured by SDS-PAGE, while the relative content mass was measured by BCA method. The SDS-PAGE results showed that distribution of gelatin molecules was within a range from 20.0 to 94.4 ku. The protein extraction rate was higher at 60℃. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of tissue culture system and determination of yam saponins and diosgenin in Polygonatum sibiricum Hua LIU Fang-yuan, WANG Yu, KAI Gui-qing, XIE Feng 2017, 34 (6):  93.  Abstract ( 246 )   PDF   Save In order to accelerate the reproduction of Polygonatum sibiricum Hua, the paper established the tissue culture system of Polygonatum sibiricum Hua and studied the rapid propagation of tissue culture medium. The UPLC method was used for the determination of yam saponins and diosgenin in Polygonatum sibiricum Hua. The results showed that the optimal medium was MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+0.3 mg/L IAA. The optimal medium for hardening was peat soil and sand(2∶ 1). The total content of yam saponins and diosgenin was in the range of 90.49-174.42 μg/g. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of methods for total RNA extraction from Staphylococcus epidermidis XU Gan-fei1, GUAN Yan 2017, 34 (6):  97.  Abstract ( 316 )   PDF   Save The efficiency and quality of extracted total RNA play a key role in molecular biology research. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a gram-positive bacterium, possesses thick cell wall, which is hard to rupture and difficult to extract its total RNA. In this study, different strategies including single enzyme disruption, combined enzyme disruption etc. were compared in order to obtain an efficient and stable method for total RNA extraction from S. epidermidis ATCC35984. Results showed that the total RNA extracted by liquid nitrogen grinding or combined enzyme disruption exhibited relatively better integrity, purity and repeatability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of meiotic recombination spots based on the graphical representation ZHANG Yi, LI Xue-qin, LI Chun 2017, 34 (6):  101.  Abstract ( 250 )   PDF   Save The meiotic recombination events do not occur with a uniform frequency throughout the genome but with a higher rate in some regions and lower in others. Characterization and identification of meiotic recombination spots is critical for our understanding of the recombination mechanism. In this paper, we first propose a new 3-D graphical representation for a DNA sequences. Then, combining the 3-D graphical representaion with Z-curve, we characterize a DNA sequence by a 13-D vector whose components are the corresponding normalized ALE indices. Support vector machine (SVM) and Jackknife cross-validation test are employed to perform our method on a benchmark dataset for recombination spots. Results show that our method achieved an overall accuracy of 93.70% with the Matthew′s correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.873, which suggests that the proposed method can serve as a useful tool for identifying the recombination spots. Related Articles | Metrics

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The floral morphology and the ABCDE model of floral organ development MENG Yu-ting, HUANG Xiao-chen, HOU Yuan-tong, QIU Nian-wei 2017, 34 (6):  105.  Abstract ( 1185 )   PDF   Save In this paper, the ABCDE model of floral organ development was systematically introduced, and the molecular biology mechanism of different kinds of flowers in nature was explained. We plotted various patterns of flower development and deduced the function of each group genes and the phenotype of different types of mutants. It is helpful for understanding the secrets of the floral morphology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on the experiment of viewing epidermis MA San-mei,WANG Yong-fei 2017, 34 (6):  108.  Abstract ( 270 )   PDF   Save How to improve the student′s creativity and increase the number of innovative experiment in usual experiment of viewing the epidermis in plant science is a big challenge for most teachers. We viewed the different place of usual experimental material. It was found that celery is a good material for viewing collenchymas, stoma and pit. Stoma and pit can be found in the upper epidermis of rachis. Replacement of the experimental material and change of observing place can be used to improve the elemental experiment. Replacement of the experimental material and change of observing place can add the innovation of elemental experiment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of seed testing teaching reform under the background of "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation" ZHANG Hai-ping, ZHANG Wen-ming, ZHENG Wen-yin, CHANG Cheng 2017, 34 (6):  110.  Abstract ( 289 )   PDF   Save Under the background of "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation", some problems occurred in seed testing experimental teaching, and several suggestions were given to reform seed testing experimental teaching such as 1) emphasizing the importance of practical courses for teachers and students; 2) keeping up with development of modern science and technology, updating teaching contents timely; 3) using various teaching methods, improving teaching effect; 4) optimizing evaluation mechanism, completely evaluating student's quality; 5) strengthening teacher training, improving teaching quality; which were performed in the seed testing experimental teaching to develop "Innovative and Entrepreneurial Talent" and meet the needs of the country. Related Articles | Metrics

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The construction and practice of the teaching system of botany course based on educational idea of "taking the students as the center" FU Chun-hua, LI Mao-teng, JIANG Tao, YU Long-jiang 2017, 34 (6):  113.  Abstract ( 277 )   PDF   Save  The essence of educational idea of of "taking the students as the center" is to realize the transformation from "teaching" to "learning". Botany is a fundamental discipline of practical and comprehensive, it should play an important role in the development of comprehensive quality and innovation ability of the student. In the teaching practice of Botany, besides emphasizing knowledge points, we construct a new teaching system of botany course based on educational idea of "taking the students as the center" from the aspects of teaching content, teaching methods, and examination system reform. The students′ comprehensive ability, especially the cultivation of innovative consciousness and ability, and the teaching effect has been improved significantly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Innovation and practice of biotechnology experiment course ZENG Qi, XIE Hui, CHEN Dan, WANG Fu, ZHAN Yong-hua, LIANG Ji-min 2017, 34 (6):  116.  Abstract ( 313 )   PDF   Save Biotechnology experiment is a comprehensive experiment course for the students of biotechnology. It covers a series of basic knowledge and experimental skills, and aims to systemic train the scientific literacy and innovation spirit of students. In order to give the initiative back to students, the course adopted compound content design, half customize proposition teaching mode, and diversified evaluation system. In that case, students could hold the dominance of experiment, and become more activity in the course; their scientific literacy could be trained. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of establish principles and normalization process for the designing experimental teaching ZHANG Dan-dan, LI Hui, SHI Jing-song 2017, 34 (6):  120.  Abstract ( 254 )   PDF   Save As an advanced form of experimental teaching, designing experiment plays an important role in the whole higher education. The principles of designing experimental teaching include that the experimental proposition must be based on existing knowledge, students-leading and teachers-steering during the experimental process, examination should be equal to the process and results. The designing experimental teaching based on five standardization processes, including topic selection and task assignment, data access and experimental programming, optimization of the experimental scheme, operation of designing experiment process and experimental report. Taking a pharmaceutical technology designing experiment as a study case, we discussed the establish principles and normalization process for the designing experimental teaching. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of creation of pluralistic teaching situation in biochemistry classroom teaching ZHANG Yan-jun, SUN Yuan-dong, TAN Shu-hua 2017, 34 (6):  123.  Abstract ( 286 )   PDF   Save 生物化学是高等学校生命科学专业的必修课程，也是进行教学方法改革的重要学科。如何提高该课程的教学质量, 最大程度使学生掌握知识, 是每一位生物化学教学工作者都需要思考的问题。随着课程改革的深入，情境教学逐渐被广大教师理解和接受并走进课堂。介绍了情境教学的概念和分类，并指出目前我国高校生物化学教学情境创设所存在的单一化及形式化等弊端，同时从自身的教学经验出发，提出生物化学课堂教学过程中教学情境多元化创设的必要性，并列举了各种教学情境(如：问题情境、语言情境、交流情境、比较情境和新闻情境)在生物化学课堂教学中的应用实例。 Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of micro course and PAD class on brewing techniques teaching ZHANG Nan, DUAN Hui-guo, PENG Hui-juan, LI Wu, FU Wei-li 2017, 34 (6):  126.  Abstract ( 270 )   PDF   Save The content of the brewing techniques is designed based on the requirements of society and student. According to students′ study achievement on different levels, the micro course and Presentation-Assimilation-Discussion (PAD) class have been used in our courses over the last three years. The PAD class is a new teaching method combining the advantages of lecture and discussion. Its key idea is to allocate half of the class time to teacher′s presentation and the other half to students′ discussion. The presentation and discussion are separated so that students can have one week in self-regulated learning and individualized assimilation with the help of micro course resources. The corresponding learning assessment changes into multiple evaluation mechanism mainly on process assessment, therefore the regular grade can take 65% of the total score in this evaluation system. The teaching reform stimulated students′ interest in learning brewing techniques and increased the attractivenese of its classroom teaching. It also could cultivate autonomous learning ability of students, which is a basic attainment of modern college students. The effectiveness of reform teaching has been improved greatly. Student who accepted the teaching reform process got significantly higher scores in theory, experiment and comprehensive performance than those taught in traditional model. In the course of teaching reform, the teacher should change the notions of students′ learning to make them cooperate with teacher′s work very well and also try the best to reduce the burden of teachers and students in teaching and learning. Learning, communications and training are indispensable for teachers to solve the problem encountered in the process of teaching innovation. Educational reform can not be achieved overnight, so we should maintain a positive attitude towards the work and keep it up. Related Articles | Metrics