Table of Content

18 April 2021, Volume 38 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Summary of the symposium on precise nutrition functionand potential application of microalgae GE Baosheng, QIN Song 2021, 38 (2):  1.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.001 Abstract ( 440 )   PDF   Save 无 Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on astaxanthin immunoregulation mechanisms and its potential applications in anti-pandemic ZHENG Xinxin, HUANG Qing 2021, 38 (2):  3.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.003 Abstract ( 671 )   PDF   Save Astaxanthin is a fat⁃soluble carotenoid and found in many aquatic organisms. Of all the microorganisms that accumulate astaxanthin，Haematococcus pluvialisis considered to be the best microorganism in nature that is used to produce natural astaxanthin. Astaxanthin has extremely strong antioxidant property，and it shows anti⁃tumor，anti⁃inflammatory and organ protection effects. Besides，astaxanthin may also play roles in regulating immunity，as it can protect immune cells，increase the number of immune cells，promote the production of immunoglobulin or secretion level of cytokine，and inhibit the cytokine storm or inflammatory storm due to immune response overreaction. In this review，therefore，we especially focus on the roles of astaxanthin in immune regulation，summarizing the research results on its molecular mechanisms or signal pathways，and concerning on the battle against the current global pandemic of coronavirus 2019⁃nCoV（SARS⁃CoV⁃2），we discuss the potential applications of astaxanthin in this anti⁃epidemic or⁃pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019（COVID⁃19）based on the outstanding immunoregulation property and anti⁃inflammatory effect of astanxanthin，in order to provide some ideas for protection of human health and development of anti⁃epidemic drugs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of the astaxanthin fromHaematococcus pluvialisin inflammation and lung diseases#br# LIU Jianguo, LI Hu, ZHANG Mengjie, YU Wenjie, LUAN Weiying 2021, 38 (2):  8.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.008 Abstract ( 481 )   PDF   Save This article summarizes the research progress of astaxanthin in treatment of the inflammation and lung diseases，introduces that astaxanthin can reduce the production of pro⁃inflammatory factors，inhibit inflammation，or increase the production of anti⁃inflammatory factors through various pathways（such as nuclear transcription factor，tumor necrosis factor，interleukin，interferon，Tand B cells，etc.）and maintain the dynamic balance between pro⁃inflammatory factors and anti⁃inflammatory factors to avoid excessive inflammatory reaction and damage；in addition，astaxanthin has functional effects such as improving acute lung injury，reducing lung fibrosis，and inhibiting lung cancer.The prospect of astaxanthin as a new type of biological product for preventing/delaying and reducing inflammation and lung diseases as well as accelerating physical rehabilitation is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of study on immunological regulation and antiviral effects of microalgae and its bioactives LI Xiaonan, QIN Song, GE Baosheng 2021, 38 (2):  13.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.013 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF   Save Microalgae are rich in various active substances，such as pigments，fatty acids，polysaccharides，sterols，proteins and others. Existing research shows that it has regulation of human immune，antioxidant，anti⁃inflammatory，and anti⁃virus，etc. It is considered to be natural health food and medicine⁃derived food. This article reviews the functions of China's main industrialized microalgae and their active substances. The main contents include the composition，structural characteristics，functions of regulating human immunity，and antiviral functions of inhibiting viral replication and viral pathology. This article will provide a certain reference for the development and utilization of microalgae and their active substances and the study of their precise functions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Directional cultivation of microalgae in prawn pond HUANG Xianghu, LI Feng 2021, 38 (2):  18.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.018 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF   Save The shrimp industry is the pillar industry of our country's aquaculture and occupies and important position in our country's import and export trade. However，as the degree of intensification increases，the farming environment and disease problems become more and more serious，the use of chemical drugs has increased，the shrimp growth rate and product quality have declined significantly，and traditional farming methods and frequent water exchange cause environmental problems such as inverted algae，no algae and harmful algae in the pond，which have caused people to worry about the safety of shrimp food and seriously affected the shrimp industry development. Microalgae plays an important role in the ecosystem of prawn culture ponds. Constructing a benign microalgae community can not only improve the nitrogen pollutants absorption efficiency and improve the environment, but also reduce the environmental pollution caused by cultivating. Directional cultivation of beneficial microalgae is an important technical measure for improving the water quality in pond，and has broad application prospects in the aquaculture industry. This paper introduces the selection of algae species and pond cultivating mode，and directional cultivation techniques of microalgae，to provide references and ideas for the application and development of microalgae directional cultivation techniques. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and perspective on microalgae synthetic biotechnology：from chassis cells to photosynthetic biomanufacturing LUAN Guodong, ZHANG Shanshan, LYU Xuefeng 2021, 38 (2):  22.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.022 Abstract ( 1235 )   PDF   Save Photosynthetic biomanufacturing is a new mode of biomanufacturing technology. Taking microalgae as chassis，photosynthetic biomanufacturing technology could directly convert solar energy and carbon dioxide into biofuels and bio⁃based chemicals in a single process and single platform，simultaneously achieving the effects of carbon reduction and green production. Toward application of photosynthetic biomanufacturing technology in industrial process，development of high⁃efficiency microalgae chassis cells and photosynthetic cell factories with fast growth rates，high synthesis efficiency，and strong industrial properties，as well as adapted process technology and system，would be prerequisites. This article presented the progress on engineering "editable，controllableandapplicable" microalgae chassis cells and photosynthetic cell factories through application of synthetic biology tools and strategies，in order to scale up the photosynthetic biomanufacturing technology in industrial process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Graphene quantum dots improve the stability of DNAzyme in cells HUANG Qiping, LIU Hui, ZHANG Jingyan, ZHENG Jing 2021, 38 (2):  26.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.026 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF   Save In this work，we employed Graphene quantum dots（GQDs）as a carrier loading two RNA⁃cleaving Deoxyribonuclease（DNAzymes）to explore their activities at molecular and cellular levels. The two DNAzymes were designed and synthesized based on the mRNA of TNF⁃α（TNF⁃DNAzyme1 and TNF⁃DNAzyme2）. We demonstrated that the TNF⁃DNAzymes／GQDs conjugates were stable in solution，and the catalytic activity of the DNAzymes remained in the presence of GQDs. The expression level of TNF⁃α in Hela cells was significantly decreased after the incubation with TNF⁃DNAzymes and GQDs. In contrast，the expression level of TNF⁃α in Hela cells was barely changed after the incubation with TNF⁃DNAzymes alone，which indicated that GQDs could be used as a carrier to deliver TNF⁃DNAzymes into cells，thus the activity of TNF⁃DNAzymes in cellular level could be greatly improved. Based on the control experiments，we inferred that the improved activity of DNAzymes could be due to their improved stability with GQDs. However，we could not rule out which caused by the higher accumulation of DNAzymes in the cells or other mechanisms Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Loop on one kind of mannuronan C⁃5 epimerase􀆳s activity SUN Ming, LI Tang, ZHAO Xiaoming, YAN Shenggang, YIN Heng 2021, 38 (2):  32.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.032 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF   Save The periplasmic proteinAlgG_PSEAMand itsloop439⁃455⁃truncation fromPseudomonassyringaewere successfully heterologously expressed. It was found that the epimerase activity was increased by 14.7% after removing theloop439⁃455. Through further investigation， it was found thatAlgG_PSEAMalso had alginate lyase activity and the alginate lyase activity also increased by 23.3% after removing theloop439⁃455. Therefore， two functional activities of the enzyme can be improved by removing the loop. Related Articles | Metrics

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Computational studies on the influence of orientation properties of two serine(S13 and S14) side chains on the Trp⁃cage folding dynamics using a residue⁃specific force field ZHANG Xiaochun, WANG Meng, HUANG Zhuoran, XU Chengzhen, ZHANG Xingwang, ZHANG Qiang, WU Xiaomin 2021, 38 (2):  36.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.036 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF   Save The Trp⁃cage mini⁃protein has been taken as an example to study the influence of orientation properties of two serine side chains on its folding dynamics using a residue⁃specific force field（RSFF1）. It was obtained by improving the current OPLSAA/L force field through adding some special non⁃bonded interactions based on statistical analysis of intrinsic conformational features of coil regions in protein structures（PDB coil library）. The folding process of wild⁃type Trp⁃cage and its two mutations（S13G and S14G）were reproduced. It was found that this modified force field（RSFF1）could fold wild⁃type Trp⁃cage to its natively folded structure（N）with a low RMSD of only c.a. 0.67 Å，which resembled the experimental structure. Its folding pathway could be decomposed into three steps：D⇌I1⇌I2⇌N，where D，Iand N represented the denatured state，intermediate and natively folded state，respectively. The folding mechanism was in accordance with the diffusion collision model. Instead，only slight influences on secondary and tertiary structures were induced by mutation S13G，and the structure could arrive at the native⁃like state（N’）with a RMSD of c.a. 1.9 Å. The S14G mutation exerted observable influences on the folding dynamics. The N⁃terminal α⁃helices were locally loose，the destroy of 310⁃helices and hydrophobic collapses were concomitant in the S14G mutation，resulting a mis⁃folded state with a RMSD of c.a. 3.8 Å. Because S13 and S14 with the same side⁃chain exhibited the opposite orientation，their contributions to its structural stability and folding dynamics showed obvious discrepancy. It implied that both chemical（such as charge，hydrophobicity and polarity etc.）and orientation properties of side chains themselves should be fully considered during stabilizing active conformation of polypeptide/protein and improving the drugg ability of peptide inhibitor. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of MAR⁃mediated retroviral vector on transgene expression ZHANG Jing, ZHANG Ting, SUN Qiang, ZHU Ting, SHI Xiaowei 2021, 38 (2):  43.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.043 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF   Save In order to research the regulation of MAR⁃mediated retroviral vector on transgene expression，the report geneCATwas firstly inserted into retroviral vector，the cloned β⁃globin MAR DNA fragment was then inserted respectively into 5'or 3'ends of the vectors，resulting the retroviral vectors series contained MAR in different sites. The recombinated vectors were transfected into PA317 cells. The positive cells were screened by G418，Bel⁃7404 was screened by G418 after transfected by virus from PA317, and theCATgene expression was analyzed by ELISA. The results showed that，compared to the control，the MAR inserted at the 3' end of the vector could enhance theCATgene expression significantly by 11 times（P<0.05），while theCATgene expression was not enhanced when the MAR was inserted at the 5' end of the vector（P>0.05）. These results indicated that MAR could increase the expression level of reporter gene and the regulation of MAR on transgene expression is relied on the inserted site. Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of dodecyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine on biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis SHI Jingjin, LI Jie, XU Jintao, WU Jiadi, GUAN Yan 2021, 38 (2):  46.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.046 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF   Save To analyse the effect of dodecyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine（DSB）on bacterial metabolism，clearance efficiency and formation of polysaccharide intercellular adhesion ofStaphylococcusepidermidisbiofilm and to provide reliable theory and practical evidence for DSB to prevent biofilm contamination ofS.epidermidis，vancomycin was used as positive control，XTT reduction was used to evaluate the clearance and metabolism of DSB onS.epidermidisbiofilm，Congo red medium and laser scanning confocal microscope（LSCM）were used to observe the effect of DSB on PIA and biofilm，respectively. The results showed that 1 024，512，256 and 128 mg/L of DBS had significantly effect on metabolism of ATCC 35984，and 64，32，16 and 8 mg/L of DBS had significantly effect on clearance in the 6，12and24 hours post treatment（P<0.001）. However，16 and 8 mg/L of DSB had no significant effect on PIA formation. These results indicated that DSB significantly affects bacterial metabolism in biofilms ofS.epidermidisand in scavenging formed biofilm. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of rice（Oryza sativa L.）glufosinate⁃tolerant mutants and preliminary study on its mechanism REN Yan, YE Yafeng, TAO Liangzhi, XIE Jian, HE Dan, JIANG Hongrui, YANG Yang 2021, 38 (2):  51.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.051 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF   Save One rice variety，“Jingeng818”，was applied as material to screen glufosinate⁃tolerant（GT）rice mutants using heavy ion irradiation technique. Some physiological indicators of glufosinate tolerance were determined on the selected mutants and control rice groups after glufosinate spraying. The results showed that the leaf color of GT mutants maintained green with a significant higher chlorophyll content，while the leaves in control group were withered with lower chlorophyll content. After glufosinate spraying，the fresh biomass weight，dry weight and plant height of the GT rice mutants increased by 111.46%，53.40% and 48.00%，respectively，compared with those of the control group. The leaf ammonia content displayed the value lower than 0.8 mg/g in GT rice mutants，but the value was up to 1.3 mg/g in control. The glutamine synthase activities decreased both in the mutant rice and the control group，and there was no significant difference between the two treatments. Whether the glufosinate-tolerance mechanism of mutant rice is non-target resistance needs further verification.In conclusion，the screened GT rice mutants demonstrate a certain tolerance to glufosinate，and present huge potential in revealing molecular mechanism of glufosinate tolerance and variety breeding. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on correlation betweenVerticillium dahliaecontents in soil and the disease degree of cotton individual plants GAI Kai, TANG Ye, QUAN Yonggang, CHEN Aimin, CHEN Quanjia, WU Jiahe, HU Baomin 2021, 38 (2):  56.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.056 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF   Save Asingle cotton plant grown in a pot was inoculated with the same amount ofVerticilliumdahliaecombining with treatment withBacillussubtilisand soil sample of disease nursery to explore the relationship between theV.dahliaecontent in the potted soil at different time points and the disease degree of the individual plants. The organism DNA in the soil was extracted，andV.dahliaecontent in soil was analyzed by qPCR with specific primers. The pathogens content in soil was further verified by colony counting of washing solution from the potted soil. The results showed that significant differences inV.dahliaecontent in the potted soil inoculated with equal amount of fungi at different time points were shown. And at the same time point，there was a significant difference in the change of the fungi content in the different potted soils，especially in the later stage of time points. Then covariance analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the disease degree of a single potted plant and theV.dahliaecontent in the soil. The treatment ofB.subtilisand the analysis ofV.dahliaecontent in the disease nursery soil further confirmed that the disease degree of a single plant was positively related to the fungi content in the soil. In general，the results provide theoretical guidance for the control of cotton Verticillium wilt. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular identification and selection of mother culture media of Phlebopus portentosus ZHANG Bingbing, ZHANG Guozhen, FAN Lijuan, WANG Fei, QIN Xiaobo, XU Ying 2021, 38 (2):  61.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.061 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF   Save In order to protect the wild resources ofPhlebopusand promote its artificial cultivation process，the morphological and molecular identification of the fruit body samples collected from Southwest China were carried out. Then，the nitrogen source and its concentration，inorganic salt type added into parent medium were screened，and the effect of the combination of vitamin B1 and different nitrogen sources on the mycelial growth was explored. The results showed that the tested strains were allPhlebopusportentosus.The best nitrogen source was ammonium chloride，and the best nitrogen source concentration was 0.5 g/L. The effect of vitamin B1 on the growth of mycelium was significant，only when combined with ammonium nitrate，it significantly promoted the growth of hypha，but not when combined with the other three nitrogen sources. There was no significant difference in mycelium growth between the two inorganic salt combinations，but from the perspective of economic cost，MgCl2/KCl combination was recommended. The optimal compositions were as follows：glucose，20 g；NH4Cl，0.5 g；MgCl2，1 g；KCl，1 g；potato，200 g；agar，20 g；H2O，1 L. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening，identification and culture condition optimization of an indole-3-acetic acid producing bacterial strain ZHOU Mingdian, CAI Guanjing, NING Jing, ZHU Gefu 2021, 38 (2):  65.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.065 Abstract ( 731 )   PDF   Save The indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）-producing strains were preliminarily screened by using spread plate and Salkowski colorimetric method，and quantitative analysis of spectrophotometry was used to rescreen the strain with high IAA producing capacity. Three IAA-producing strains were isolated from the compost sample，and strain 29B showed the highest IAA productivity with the yield reached 54.73 μg/mL in 96 h of cultivation. Based on morphological observation，part of physio-biochemical characteristics and analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequences，the strain 29B was identified asCorynebacteriumstationis. The single factor tests were designed to optimize the IAA production of strain 29B. Results showed that the optimum culture conditions were as follows：initial pH value，7.0；inoculum amount（volume fraction），2%；shaking culture at 35 ℃ for 108 h. Under the optimal culture conditions，the yield of IAA reached up to 138.87 μg/mL，which was increased by 153.74% compared with that before optimization. These results would provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the application of strain 29B in agricultural production. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spatial distribution of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria in sediments of Xiangxi River of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area ZHAO Zhehong, LI Yueqiu, PI Haiting, ZUO Qun, WANG Siya, HOU Yuning, LI Jing, LI Ning, LYU Yucai 2021, 38 (2):  70.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.070 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF   Save In order to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of anammox bacteria（AnAOB）in the sediments of Xiangxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area，the abundance of AnAOBwasdetected by real⁃time quantitative PCR（qPCR）in the sediments of the five sites of Xiangxi River，and the influence of physicochemical factors on AnAOB abundance was analysed by Spearman rank correlations. The results showed that AnAOB existed in the sediments of Xiangxi River，and its abundance was between 1.45×104-3.16×109 g-1sediment. The number of AnAOBs varied greatly at different sites. In terms of time（0-10 cm in 2016），the AnAOB abundance of the five loci was highest in autumn，and the sites（a and e）showed the same distribution pattern，namely autumn>winter>spring>summer. In terms of space（0-2 cm in 2016），AnAOB abundance was highest at the site（e）in the spring and winter，and highest in the site（d）in the summer and autumn. In spring of 2017，AnAOB abundance was b>a>e>c>d，e>c>d>a>b in summer，c>d>e>b>a in winter；As the sediment depth increased，the AnAOB abundance increased firstly and then decreased in the d and e sites（0-10 cm）. Spearman rank correlations confirmed that AnAOB abundance was significantly correlated with total nitrogen（TN）（P<0.01），nitrate nitrogen and total organic carbon（TOC）（P<0.05）concentrations of insediments. AnAOB abundance under different physicochemical factor and seasons showed no significant difference by two-way analysis of variance（P<0.05）. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on rapid seedling⁃raising technology of embryos of the endangered species Paeonia Ludlowii YIN Xiu, ZHANG Erhao, LI Fang, YANG Xue, CAI Hao, LU Yazhou 2021, 38 (2):  75.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.075 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF   Save In this study，the plant tissue culture technology was applied to the breeding ofPaeonialudlowiiin order to improve the seedling rate and shorten the seedling cycle. The seed coat and endosperm were stripped，the seed embryo was separated and inoculated directly into MS medium with plant growth regulators，and then the changes of germination rate and seedling rate were studied. The results showed that the optimal hormone ratio of embryo culture was as follows：MS+0.5 mg/L 6⁃BA+0.5 mg/L IAA+0.2 mg/L GA3，the germination rate and seedling rate reached the maximum，72.25% and 70%，respectively. When the embryos were inoculated on the above medium，the seed embryos began to germinate after 3 to 5 days，the seed embryos germinated after 7 days，the cotyledons were emerged from the cotyledons after 15 days，radicle was formed after in 30 days，about 1⁃4 cm in length and the aseptic seedlings ofP.ludlowiiwere transferred to the rooting medium for 1/2 MS+1 mg/L IBA+0.2 mg/L NAA to take root. When the aseptic seedlings were 2 to 3 months old and about 5 cm in height，the seedlings could be scoured for one week and then transplanted and the seedling formation period was 2 to 3 months，which greatly reduced the breeding cycle compared with the traditional seeding cycle of two years. Related Articles | Metrics

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The species composition and spatial pattern of landscape plants in Hengshui Lake GUO Ziliang, ZHANG Manyin 2021, 38 (2):  79.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.079 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF   Save A field survey of cultivated plants had carried out in Hengshui Lake，and the species composition，spatial pattern，similarity and suitability of landscape plants were analyzed by GIS10.0，Sorenson index and suitability index. The results showed that there were many species of landscape plants with a high proportion of single family and genera in Hengshui Lake，resulting in the significant change on the species composition of plant in this region. The geographical composition of landscape plants was complex，and the flora characters were primarily of the temperate types，especially north temperate type. Typical garden ornamental plants such as shrubs，trees and perennial herbs were mainly used，while the species of hygrophyte were few. There are obvious differences in the richness and species composition of landscape plant among areas under different human activities，among which the parks on the east and south sides of Hengshui Lake had the most abundant plant species. Moreover，the suitability of habitat of waterbirds formed by landscape plants was very low，due to the use of a large number of alien species. In the future，the afforestation in Hengshui Lake should give priority to the suitability of wetland ecosystem and the demand of wildlife for habitat. Related Articles | Metrics

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New distribution records of four species plants from Tibet SU Yanjie, XU Yuanjiang, QUAN Hong, LAN Xiaozhong 2021, 38 (2):  84.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.084 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF   Save Four newly recorded species were reported as new records of Tibet，Peristylusbulleyi，Sedumtrichospermum，DrabanemorosaandSinocrassulaindica.Statistics of new species distribution groups showed that their distribution habitats were basically the same as the records，but the distribution altitude different from the record. The results showed that they had stronger ecological adaptability and wider distribution ecological amplitude，significant for researching of the Tibetan plants diversity and abundance. The voucher specimens were deposited in Tibet Plateau Ecological Research Institute（XZE）. Related Articles | Metrics

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Four new records of Orchidaceae of Anhui provincial species in Guniujiang Nature Reserve LUO Han, ZHANG Yufeng, CHENG Xiang, SUN Yuzheng, WANG Xingxing, LIU Yaowu, FANG Chengwu 2021, 38 (2):  87.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.087 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF   Save During the fourth general survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources,through collecting and sorting out field samples,the general survey team of traditional Chinese medicine resources of Shitai,Anhui Province,discovered a newly-recorded genus of Orchidaceae-Oreorchis,four newly-recorded species-Calanthe tsoongiana,Calanthegracilifloraf.jiangxiensisOreorchis fargesiiandLiparisnervosain Anhui Province. The discovery of these new distribution groups provided a basis for the protection and utilization of orchids and the study on the diversity of orchids in Anhui Province. Certificate specimens were deposited in the ACM. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances of CARD⁃FISH technology in root⁃associated microorganisms CHEN Linxia, ZHANG Meng, SHI Jiajia, BAO Zhihua 2021, 38 (2):  89.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.089 Abstract ( 450 )   PDF   Save Catalyzed reporter deposition fluorescent in situ hybridization（CARD⁃FISH）is an advanced technology to identify，track，and visualize root⁃associated microorganisms. It can accurately locate specific microbes in plant tissues，help us monitor the presence of microorganisms and their colonization strategy in the root system，and it is a powerful tool for studying root⁃associated microorganisms. With the advancement of molecular microbial ecological techniques，the combination of CARD⁃FISH and other approaches can efficiently analyze the functional properties of microorganisms in complex habitats. For example，the combination of CARD⁃FISH and nanometer secondary ion mass spectrometry（nanoSIMS）can simultaneously characterize the metabolic function and the phylogenetic properties of microorganism at the single⁃cell level. This article reviewed the principles，steps，development and combined technique of CARD⁃FISH，in order to provide a basis and reference for CARD⁃FISH to be used in the localization and functional analysis of plant tissue microorganisms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetically engineered antibodies and their applications in recognizing small molecules WANG Qinyun, PAN Ye, CHEN Keping, WANG Huiying, LYU Peng 2021, 38 (2):  95.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.095 Abstract ( 394 )   PDF   Save The types of genetically engineered antibodies with preparation and selection were introduced. Current researches on small molecule detection were also summarized. The advantages of genetically engineered antibodies in recognizing small molecules were analyzed and the problems in application were discussed to provide some ideas for the further adhibition and product development. Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of Pax3 and Pax7 in early embryonic development and neural crest formation LI Yunxiao, YANG Ciqing, LIN Juntang 2021, 38 (2):  100.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.100 Abstract ( 880 )   PDF   Save Pairedboxgene is a highly conserved transcription factor gene family，which plays a key role in embryonic modeling and organogenesis.Pax3 andPax7，belonging to the third subfamily ofPaxgene，have similar protein structure and biological function，and are expressed during the development of central nervous system，neural crest and skeletal muscle. Studies have shown that Pax3 and Pax7 regulate the genesis and development of neural crest by integrating signals from Wnts，bone morphogenetic protein（BMPs）and fibroblast growth factor（FGFs）. Studies on different vertebrate developmental models have jointly clarified the molecular mechanisms ofPax3andPax7genes involved in the neural crest gene regulatory network（NC-GRN）. The biological characteristics and functions ofPax3andPax7genes in the early stage of embryonic development，especially the latest research progress on the regulation mechanism of neural crest genesis and development，which would provide a theoretical basis for the study ofPax3andPax7，and a new research direction for diseases related to abnormal neural crest. Related Articles | Metrics

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The identification of chromatin interaction domains based on HiCID HUANG Yueyue, FENG Jihua, LIU Ke, FAN Lidong 2021, 38 (2):  105.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.105 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF   Save This paper improved the existing contact domain boundary detection algorithm based on Hi⁃C data，and proposed HiCID（Hi⁃C insulation density）algorithm which used insulation density statistics to characterize the strength change of the contact domain boundary. The HiCID algorithm embeded network enhancement technology into the pre⁃processing process to denoise the raw Hi⁃C data. Based on the enrichment abundance of insulator binding protein（CTCF）and histone modification，the domain boundary screening threshold was determined. At the same time，the right size and number of sliding windows for Hi⁃C data with different resolutions could be optimally selected. The experimental results showed that the contact domain boundary detection algorithm proposed was superior to the HiCDB algorithm in terms of consistency and accuracy，and had the characteristics of portability that did not depend on specific species，and the algorithm showed better performance as Hi⁃C data resolution increases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and innovation of new biomedical sensor course practical teaching system WANG Zhao, HUANG Lei, FU Degang 2021, 38 (2):  112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.112 Abstract ( 303 )   PDF   Save On the basis of the characteristics of inter⁃disciplinary integration in the biomedical sensor course and scientific research achievements of State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics，anew biomedical sensor course practical teaching system was established in National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Biomedical Engineering，by transforming these cutting⁃edge scientific research achievements into teaching experiments. The new system realized the complementarity and advancement of theory and experiment in professional courses，constructs flipped classroom，and explored the feasibility of multi⁃disciplinary teaching in experimental teaching. Meanwhile，from the perspective of the basic supports，specific contents，practical effects，and realistic meanings of the new system，the reformed curriculum has greatly expanded the students' horizons and knowledge，enhanced abilities of scientific research innovation and comprehensive design. The exploration indicated the direction for the development and reform of experimental teaching. Related Articles | Metrics

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Flipped classroom design and practice in human parasitology course based on superstar platform GAO Dian, ZHU Chunchao, SHI Linbo, ZOU Jiexin, ZHANG Xiaoyan, WANG Yannan, ZHOU Xianmin, YU Qiongfang 2021, 38 (2):  116.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.116 Abstract ( 454 )   PDF   Save In the human parasitology course teaching，we relied on the superstar platform to establish online course resources，and built an implementation plan for the flipped classroom teaching mode of human parasitology courses in local medical colleges based on this platform. In this teaching model，students used the learning micro⁃lecture resources pushed by the teacher to preview，and communicated with classmates and teachers in real time through the superstar platform before class. Then they discussed and collaborated with each other through case teaching in class. Finally，they further thought and reflected after class. The analysis of learning effects showed that this teaching mode could promote students' subjective initiative in learning，improve learning effects，and enhance students' comprehensive abilities. In conclusion，as a new and efficient teaching method，the teaching model of "superstar platform + flipped classroom" could improve the quality of teaching and promote the development of students' independent learning，communication and cooperation and other comprehensive qualities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modification of preparing experimental materials in the experiment of viewing starch grain MA Sanmei, WANG Yongfei 2021, 38 (2):  120.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.120 Abstract ( 510 )   PDF   Save In the experiment of viewing starch grain，we used the soaking solution of potato chips to make a temporary slide and observed it under the microscope. The result showed that the high concentration soaking solution of potato chips was an excellent material for observing starch grain. The single starch grain，compound starch grain and semi⁃compound starch grain can be observed clearly. Compared with the traditional method of using potato section to observe starch grains，this method can save the time of making temporary slide and the amount of experimental materials. Therefore，by modifying the preparation method of experimental materials，the innovation of traditional experiments can be increased，and students' innovation consciousness will be cultivated. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of a blended learning approach to bioinformatics teaching supported by mobile microlearning ZHU Xinyu, GU Yuanman, MA Xiaofei, YAN Xia 2021, 38 (2):  122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.122 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF   Save As a core curriculum in life science，medicine，agronomy，computer science and some related fields，bioinformatics possess the interdisciplinary and frontier characteristics which brings some troubles to undergraduate teaching，for example，textbooks can not cover the latest important research results，and the depth and breadth of teaching content selection are difficult to grasp. In recent years，the growing concern has been paid to the construction of mobile microlearning resources and the integration of microlearning and traditional classroom teaching，and good results has been achieved. In this study，we conducted a survey research on the microlearning needs of the students who completed the course learning，and constructed a mobile microlearning resource of bioinformatics according to the theory of mobile microlearning，then used in the actual classroom teaching. We chose two basic chapters in bioinformatics teaching，and adopted two kinds of blended learning modes，i.e. station rotation and individual rotation models to explore a blended learning approach of bioinformatics supported by mobile microlearning resource. Our study provided a reference to the teachers of bioinformatics and related disciplines in colleges and universities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Problems and countermeasures in the cultivation of master’s degree in subject teaching（biology） JIN Yingshan, XU Xiaoying, WANG Youping, PAN Zhiming 2021, 38 (2):  126.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2021.02.126 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF   Save With the continuous expansion of the scale of professional master’s degree students，ensuring the quality of professional master’s cultivation has become a major issue faced by high⁃level personnel cultivation in colleges and universities. The purpose of cultivating postgraduates with professional degree of subject teaching（biology）is to improve the quality of reserve force of biology teachers in middle school，so that they can master modern education theory，have strong research ability and have rich teaching practice. In order to improve the quality of the cultivation of postgraduates in subject teaching（biology），this paper analyzes the existing problems and their causes in the cultivation process of the two⁃year discipline teaching（biology）master，and puts forward some pertinent guiding measures and strategies，which has strong practical significance. Related Articles | Metrics