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Bax and Bak regulate ferroptosis via Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway HAN Jing, ZHAO Guoping Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (3): 6-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.03.006 Abstract （925）      PDF       Knowledge map    Immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with wild-type (WT), Bak/Bax double knockout (Bak/Bax-DKO), Bak knockout (Bak-KO) and Bax knockout (Bax-KO) were used to investigate the role and possible mechanisms of pro-apoptotic protein Bak/Bax on the erastin-induced ferroptosis. The survival rates and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, the levels of GSH/GSSG were measured by testing kits. In addition, the expression levels of target genes and proteins were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western Blot. The results showed that knockout Bak and Bax inhibited erastin-induced ferroptosis significantly, and the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein and mRNA were increased significantly in Bak/Bax-DKO cells. Further studies showed that the absence of Bax also inhibited erastin-induced ferroptosis and promoted the expression levels of GPX4. However, no significant changes on erastin-induced ferroptosis and GPX4 expression were found in Bak-KO cells. These results indicated that Bak and Bax promoted erastin-induced ferroptosis via Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway and Bax rather than Bak played a key role. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the development trend of synthetic biology industry under the background of “14th Five-Year Plan” WANG Haoqi, GAO Hao, XIN Fengxue Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (3): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.03.001 Abstract （804）      PDF       Knowledge map    Synthetic biology is revolutionizing the biotechnology industry, which is increasingly applied in natural products, medicine, energy, industry, et al. With the promulgation of the “14th Five-Year Plan” for the development of biological economy, the heat of synthetic biology, known as the “third biotechnology revolution”, is rising. Synthetic biology is poised to disrupt many traditional industries with more economical and environmentally friendly features. The industry policies of synthetic biology and the domestic synthetic biology industries in China were reviewed. The synthetic biology focused on the fields of biochemicals, biopharmaceuticals, agriculture, food, medical beauty and cosmetics, and its future development was also prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis in microbial and edible fungi mutation breeding LU Huan, SHEN Ling, SHANG Xiaodong, LIU Jianyu, WANG Ruijuan, YANG Hui Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (4): 92-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.04.092 Abstract （555）      PDF       Knowledge map    The concept, mutagenesis mechanism and factors affecting the mutagenesis effect of atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis were mainly described. The application of ARTP mutagenesis technology in improving microbial strains such as bacteria, actinomycetes and yeast and improving their biosynthesis ability, as well as in breeding new strains of edible fungi, was introduced in this paper with the main contents of mutagenesis breeding of microorganisms and edible fungi as the main contents. The advantages and challenges of ARTP mutagenesis technology in the breeding of microorganisms and edible fungi were analyzed. It also showed that the research focuses in the future were to improve the technical level of rapid screening of target strains combined with high-throughput sequencing, transcriptome and proteomics, to deeply explore the genetic law of microorganisms and edible fungi mutated by ARTP and the mechanism of regulating the synthesis of bioactive substances. It was hoped that the result would provide new ideas for the research of edible fungi and microbial breeding through the establishment and application of new technologies, and then promote the germplasm innovation and industrial sustainable development of microorganisms and edible fungi. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research status and development trends of bioleaching technology YANG Baojun, LIU Yang, LIU Hongchang, LI Yongmei, GAN Min, WANG Jun, LIAO Rui, ZHANG Ke, ZHU Zhenyu, QIU Guanzhou Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (3): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2024.03.001 Abstract （480）      PDF       Knowledge map    The development and the utilization of low-grade mineral resources constrain global green and sustainable development. Bioleaching technology is a cutting-edge technology for achieving green and sustainable development in mineral processing and non-ferrous metal metallurgy and plays an important role inin-situremediation of heavy metal pollution sites in mines. This article reviewed the basic concepts, microbial physiological characteristics, and mechanisms of action of biotechnology, as well as the application and research status of biotechnology in copper ore extraction, refractory gold ore oxidation pretreatment, uranium ore extraction, and rare earth extraction. In the future, research should be conducted on the selection of high-efficiency leaching microorganisms, the interface mechanism of bioleaching, high-efficiency energy-saving devices, and engineering technologies, and further expanding the application fields of bioleaching technology. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal replacing soybean meal on the hepatic and intestinal health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and mechanism exploration#br# ZHANG Le, SUN Qi, LI Weijie, WU Hongxia, QIAO Fang, DU Zhenyu, CHEN Liqiao, ZHANG Meiling Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (4): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.04.001 Abstract （414）      PDF       Knowledge map    To evaluate the effects of yellow mealworm meal (YM) as a partial replacement for soybean meal (SBM) on the hepatic and intestinal health of fish, four groups of isonitrogenous (320 g/kg crude protein) and isoenergetic (16.8 MJ/kg) experimental diets were formulated using YM to replace 0, 15%, 30%, and 45% SBM in an SBM-based diet for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). A ten-week feeding experiment was conducted and the parameters related to the hepatic and intestinal health were analyzed. The results indicated that YM could replace 15% SBM in tilapia feed without negative effects on the hepatic and intestinal health. However, when the replacement ratio was up to 30%, decreased intestinal muscular thickness, shorter intestinal villi, lower intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance and higher mRNA expression level of tight junction protein-related genes were observed. When the replacement ratio was up to 45%, the intestinal injury was further exacerbated, and hepatic injury occurred. Hepatic injury was manifested by a significant increase in serum alanine transaminase activity, blurred hepatocyte boundaries, lipid droplet accumulation, and a significant increase in total lipids, triglycerides, non-esterified free fatty acids, and glycogen content. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to glycogen synthesis and apoptosis were significantly enhanced in liver in YM45. Further analysis revealed thatklf9, an oxidative stress-related gene, was significantly upregulated in both liver and intestine, suggesting that oxidative stress occurred in YM45 group. Related Articles | Metrics

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The killing mechanism of lung cancer cells by nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma mediated by ROS ZHOU Yuanyuan, LIU Fang, CHEN Jinwu, LIU Lei, SONG Wencheng, CHU Yannan Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (5): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.05.001 Abstract （398）      PDF       Knowledge map    The nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NAP) was used to treat lung cancer cells H460. With the extension of NAP treatment time, MTT assay showed that NAP could decrease the cell viability of H460 significantly, JC-1 assay showed that NAP decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential of H460, which represented the occurrence of cell apoptosis. Western Blot experiment showed that NAP inhibited the expression of PI3K, AKT, JNK and STAT3, demonstrating the killing effect of NAP related to the expression of PI3K/AKT and JNK/STAT3/AKT. Besides, the addition of ROS scavenger NAC effectively eliminated the damage caused by NAP, suggesting that the killing of lung cancer H460 cells by NAP were mediated by ROS, which provided theoretical basis for the feasibility of NAP in the treatment of lung cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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Arboviruses and biosafety LI Yuhan, ZHANG Xianwen, CHENG Gong Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (6): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.06.001 Abstract （396）      PDF       Knowledge map    Introduces the main arbovirus transmission vectors and the significant infectious diseases they have caused in human society then describes the prevalence of several important arboviruses and conducts a risk analysis of novel biotechnologies as well as emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases. Moreover the article discusses the strategies employed by humans to prevent and control arboviruses and highlights the current technological challenges. This review aims to enhance public awareness of arboviruses and the biosafety issues they cause and to explore future research directions in the field of infectious disease prevention and control. It also urges the relevant authorities to expedite the development of laws and policies to address potential arboviral infectious disease epidemics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on carbon reduction potential of agriculture in China ZHOU Xinyan, ZHENG Huabao Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (2): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2024.02.001 Abstract （370）      PDF       Knowledge map    This review provided an overview of the main characteristics and types of agricultural carbon emissions in China. It also identified potential areas for carbon reduction in agriculture, named farmland utilization, livestock and poultry breeding, agricultural waste disposal, and land use management. Reasonable agronomic management and economic policy measures can effectively reduce carbon emissions from agricultural land use. Measures such as reducing agricultural carbon emissions at the source, implementing process control, and employing end-of-pipe treatment techniques are effective in mitigating carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming. Additionally, optimizing manure management and agricultural straw utilization can minimize carbon emissions from the disposal of agricultural waste. Furthermore, adopting an optimized structure for land resource utilization, implementing intensive land use practices, and constructing high-standard farmland are crucial measures for carbon reduction in land use management. This article serves as a valuable reference for enhancing the potential of carbon reduction in China’s agriculture. Related Articles | Metrics

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Green separation and purification of high purity vitamin K2 MA Guoliang, ZHENG Zhiming, WANG Peng, WANG Li, ZHAO Genhai, WANG Han Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (3): 107-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.03.107 Abstract （351）      PDF       Knowledge map    In order to overcome the shortcomings of high purity Vitamin K2 extraction process, such as large amount of toxic solvent, serious pollution and toxic substance residues, a green separation and purification process of high purity Vitamin K2 was established. Natural oil, methanol, ethanol and other organic reagents were used to extract VK2 from Bacillus natto. The results showed that medium chain triglyceride had the best extraction effect, and the maximum extraction amount was 2.7 mg/g. Seven types of macroporous resins were used to separate VK2 from medium chain triglyceride solvent phase, and the optimal macroporous resin HC-200S was selected by static adsorption and desorption experiments. The dynamic adsorption and desorption process of macroporous resin was optimized, and the dynamic desorption curve of macroporous resin was drawn. The results showed that when the adsorption flow rate of sample solution was 2.0 mL/min, the desorption agent was anhydrous ethanol/butyl acetate mixture solution (1∶2, volume ratio) and the flow rate of desorption agent was 1.0 mL/min, the adsorption and desorption effect of HC-200S macroporous resin on VK2 was the best. At this time, the purity of vitamin K2 was 4 times higher than that of the before purification, reaching 87.8%, and the recovery rate reached 93.1%. VK2 desorption solutions obtained by resin separation and purification were frozen crystallization and solvent volatilization crystallization, respectively, to obtain VK2 crystals with purity of 96.7% and 97.1%. This study provided a method basis for the industrial production and green separation and purification of VK2. Related Articles | Metrics

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The antichlamydial activity of berberine in vitro XIE Wenxia, ZHU Yixin, BAO Xiaofeng Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (5): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2024.05.001 Abstract （324）      PDF       Knowledge map    The aim of this study was to elucidate the antichlamydial activity and mechanism of the natural product berberinein vitro. Firstly, the antichlamydial activity of berberine was evaluated. The data showed that berberine inhibited the formation of inclusion body and the titer of infectious progenies in a dose-dependent manner for bothChlamydia trachomatisL2 andChlamydia muridarumMoPn. Secondly, host cell viability was measured with CCK-8 kit to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the compound. No significant host cytotoxicity was observed when berberine concentration was not higher than 8 μmol/L. Then, the effect of berberine on the chlamydial infection process was examined by the pretreatment of compound with host cells orChlamydia. Pretreatment assays showed that berberine could weakly directly act onChlamydiabut not host cells to disturb the chlamydial infection process. Finally, the effect of berberine on the chlamydial proliferation process was analyzed. Later treatment and withdrawal assay revealed that the EB→RB transformation stage at 2－12 h of chlamydial period is the mainly target for berberine. The long-term tolerance assay displayed that berberine delayed the chlamydial development cycle, but could not kill it completely. In conclusion, berberine has a broad-spectrum antichlamydial activityin vitro, and its inhibitory effect on the proliferation period was stronger than that on the infection process. Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of Dof transcription factors in crop stress response and agronomic trait improvement #br# WANG Zemin, JIN Xin, ZHANG Feiyan, SI Huaijun Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (4): 98-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.04.098 Abstract （291）      PDF       Knowledge map    The molecular mechanisms of DNA-binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factors in crop response to stress such as extreme temperature, drought and salt stress, and their important roles in agronomic trait improvement were analyzed. Combined with the effects of different abiotic stresses on plant growth and development, the signal sensing mode and signal transduction pathway of Dof transcription factors in crop response to stress were introduced. The regulation mechanism of Dof transcription factors and the action mode of stress tolerance and important secondary metabolites (RFOs, etc.) during the regulation of gene expression were analyzed. Moreover, from the perspective of multi-signal network regulation mechanism and the demand of global climate change for sustainable and high-quality crop production, the prospects and directions of further research and utilization of Dof transcription factors in crop bio-breeding were prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation of the crp gene on antibiotic biosynthesis in Pseudomonas protegens H78 NIE Chenxi, XIANG Tao, ZHANG Xuehong, HUANG Xianqing Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (3): 11-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.03.011 Abstract （287）      PDF       Knowledge map    The crp gene (encoding the cAMP receptor protein), as a global regulatory gene, widely exists in various bacteria and exhibits different regulatory functions in different strains. P. protegens H78 is capable of producing multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics such as pyrrolnitrin (Prn), 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), and pyoluteorin (Plt). In order to investigate the global regulatory effect of the crp gene on the synthesis of antibiotics including Prn, 2,4-DAPG and Pltin P. protegens H78, the influences of crp gene on the synthesis and gene expression of these three antibiotics were analyzed by gene knockout, HPLC analysis, and lacZ reporter gene analysis. The results suggested that the knockout of crp gene in H78 strain significantly inhibited Prn synthesis operon (prnABCD) expression, significantly upregulated Plt production and its operon expression, and slightly down regulated 2,4-DAPG production and its operon expression. Therefore, the crp gene exhibited a significant positive regulation on Prn biosynthesis, a significant negative regulation on Plt biosynythesis, and a small positive regulation on 2,4-DAPGbiosynthesis in P. protegens H78. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gene cloning construction method for undergraduate genetic engineering experimental course LU Yingying, FAN Weikang, WEI Youheng Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (3): 119-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.03.119 Abstract （287）      PDF       Knowledge map    The ccdB gene was introduced, using the Gateway system, to the vector to improve the efficiency of clone construction. The Escherichia coli transfected with vectors containing ccdB could not grow to form clones because the ccdB is toxic to it. Thus, this strategy avoided the false positive clone formation and made the plasmid construct much more convenient. Through comparison of the different strategies of clone construction, this class made students understand more on genetic engineering-related processes such as enzyme digestion, recombination, ligation. This method is suitable not only for the experimental course but also for cloning construction in future research. Related Articles | Metrics

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The analysis of somatic and dendritic morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice at different ages PEI Pei, TANG Zhengquan Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (1): 26-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736 Abstract （285）      PDF       Knowledge map    In order to investigate the difference in morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice at different ages, mice were divided into four age groups of five animals each corresponding to 14-day, 1-month, 2-month, and 1-year old mice. Parvalbumin selected as a unique marker for Purkinje cells, using immunochemistry, we observed and compared somatic and dendritic morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells of these mice in four groups under a confocal microscope. The results showed that the dendritic length of cerebellar Purkinje cells in 2-month old mice was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05), and the dendritic length of cerebellar Purkinje cells in 1-year old mice was significantly lower than that in other groups (P<0.05), as well as the somatic sizes of Purkinje cells of mice in 4 age groups showed a decreasing trend with age. In this study, we also analyzed the fluorescence intensity of parvalbumin in cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice in 4 age groups, which showed an overall increasing trend with age. Together, the results indicate that cell body size and dendritic length of cerebellar Purkinje are associated with age, with an opposite trend of parvalbumin expression and its development. This study suggests that parvalbumin may play an important role in regulation of cerebellar Purkinje cell development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Engineering of a carboxylic acid reductase-in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediate (S)-2-aminobutanol ZHANG Xiaohui, QIN Zongmin, LI Congcong, LU Fuping, QU Ge, SUN Zhoutong Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (1): 6-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2024.01.006 Abstract （280）      PDF       Knowledge map    Armed with both hydroxyl and amino groups, (S)-2-aminobutanol is an essential chiral building block used in the preparation of diverse pharmaceutical drugs, while effective biocatalysts are highly desired toward the synthesis of (S)-2-aminobutanol. The carboxylic acid reductase derived from Segniliparus rugosus (SrCAR) was used as the model enzyme in the transformation of (S)-2-aminobutyric acid to (S)-2-aminobutanol combined with a heterologous alcohol dehydrogenase. After screening the previously constructed SrCAR mutant libraries, the active site was obtained and co-evolution analysis was performed. By using the combinatorial active-site saturation test strategy, the dominant mutant XH7 (G430V/E533F/A627N) was obtained. The kcat/Kmand Tmvalues were improved 2.1 fold and 2.3 ℃ compared to that of the wild type enzyme, respectively in the transformation of N-Boc-(S)-2-aminobutyric acid to N-Boc-(S)-2-aminobutyraldehyde. Further, N-Boc-(S)-2-aminobutyraldehyde to the alcohol product can be reduced by the introduction of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfADH). The bi-enzymatic system containing of XH7 and PfADH enabled a 99% conversion toward 20 mmol/L substrate in 5 h. After deprotection and purification, the yield of (S)-2-aminobutanol reached 60%. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to shed light on the molecular basis for the improved activity and thermostability of the best mutant. This study expands the biocatalytic toolbox for the synthesis of (S)-2-aminobutanol, and provides guidance for the biosynthesis of similar high value-added pharmaceutical intermediates. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marine biotechnology for the “blue seed industry” QIN Song, SUN Lin, WANG Yajun, LIU Zhengyi, WANG Yinchu, ZHANG Jian Journal of Biology    2024, 41 (1): 1-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2024.01.001 Abstract （278）      PDF       Knowledge map    The article reviews the theoretical and practical innovations of marine biotechnology in China over the past 30 years, from the perspective of the cutting across development of China’s “blue seed industry”. It also analyses the international development trends and the urgent needs for the sustainable and healthy development of China’s mariculture industry, and concludes that regionally responsive precision breeding for global changes is the direction of marine biotechnology for “blue agriculture” in the coming decade. Related Articles | Metrics

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Glutamine synthetase regulates autophagy to improve radiotherapy sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells HE Yuan, QIAN Junchao Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (5): 6-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.05.006 Abstract （277）      PDF       Knowledge map    The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among radiotherapy sensitivity, glutamine synthetase (GS) and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. After X-ray irradiation, CCK-8 and colony formation assay were used to measure the proliferation of HepG2 cells treated with GS inhibitor (L-methionine sulfonimide, MSO). Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and protein immunoblotting assays (Western Blot, WB) were used to detect the effect of MSO on GS expression, and GS activity assay kits were used to detect the efficiency of inhibition of GS activity by MSO. Monodansulfonyl cadaverine (MDC) staining as well as WB assay techniques were used to detect intracellular autophagy to determine the effect of IR and MSO on autophagy. The results indicated that MSO caused an increase in intracellular GS expression, but GS activity was significantly inhibited. In addition, MSO reduced the proliferative capacity of cells after radiotherapy and inhibited radiotherapy-induced autophagy. Results suggested that MSO could enhance the sensitivity of HepG2 cells to radiotherapy by inhibiting GS activity, which was closely related to its regulation of autophagic flow. Related Articles | Metrics

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The antioxidant capacity of natural astaxanthin against H2 O2 analyzed by fluorescence spectrometry ZHENG Xinxin , HUANG Qing Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (4): 42-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.04.042 Abstract （273）      PDF       Knowledge map    In order to explore the antioxidant capacity of astaxanthin to H2O2, a new method for determining the oxidation capacity of astaxanthin to remove H2O2was established by detecting and analyzing the changes and effects of antioxidants on the fluorescence spectrum of biphenyl dimers under the catalytic conditions of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using homovanillic acid (HVA) to produce a strong fluorescent signal. And the antioxidant effect of astaxanthin against H2O2was compared with that of β-carotene, vitamin C and α-tocopherols. The results showed that the H2O2clearance capacity of astaxanthin was significantly higher than that of β-carotene, vitamin C and α-tocopherol, which was about 1.4 times that of β-carotene, 8 times that of vitamin C, and 732 times that of α-tocopherol. The antioxidation capacity of natural astaxanthin against H2O2was analyzed by fluorescence spectrometry, which provides new evidence for the excellent antioxidant function of astaxanthin, and is also conducive to people’s understanding and exploration of the antioxidant function of astaxanthin. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of rAAV5 anion exchange chromatography process XU Lin, LIANG Huanhuan, LI Hongying, HAN Xu, DAI Liubing, MA Chao, ZHU Tao Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (4): 107-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.04.107 Abstract （272）      PDF       Knowledge map    A purification method was established for effectively increasing the proportion between vector capsids of rAAV5-a viral product containing the therapeutic DNA sequence and empty capsids, viral vectors lacking the therapeutic gene. For the rAAV5 samples obtained from affinity chromatography, several anion exchange chromatography and related gradient elution methods were tested, in which CIMmultus QA (CIMQ) can effectively remove empty capsids from vector capsids. For the CIMQ purification, the buffer matrix and the collection of rAAV5 fractions were optimized. Subsequently, qPCR was used to quantify the recovery rate of the virus genome (Vg) content, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or size exclusion chromatography-multi-angle static light scattering (SEC-MALS) was used to determine the vector capsids proportion of rAAV5 samples. In the CIMQ purification process, the proportion of vector capsids in the collected fraction (at UV absorbance UV260/UV280 greater than 1) eluted with Tris-Na2HPO4buffer at pH 8.0 reached 80.3%. A simple and convenient method using anion exchange chromatography was successfully established, which can effectively eliminate empty capsids of rAAV5 from vector capsids so that vector capsids proportion can meet the requirements of clinical application of gene therapy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advancement of epigenetic regulation in embryonic development ZHAO Keyu, SU Liya Journal of Biology    2023, 40 (6): 99-.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2023.06.099 Abstract （268）      PDF       Knowledge map    Epigenetic remodeling begins shortly after fertilization, including DNA methylation changes, chromatin remodeling, and transcription changes. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and ten-eleven-translocation protein (TET) are involved in the reprogramming and dynamic changes of DNA methylation, which are closely related to embryonic development, early cell fate determination, and imprinted gene regulation. Histone modifications, particularly methylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation of H2 and H3 histones, serve as important epigenetic regulators that control gene transcription activity and chromatin accessibility. DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin accessibility undergo dynamic changes throughout different stages of embryonic development, and genes, enzymes, and substrates related to DNA methylation and histone modification also change dynamically. Recently, many new studies have revealed new mechanisms of DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin accessibility from the perspective of genome-wide. In this paper, the research progress on the epigenetic regulation of embryonic development was reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics