Table of Content

18 June 2026, Volume 43 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Strategic and technical advancements in pan-coronavirus vaccine development YANG Yunru, CHEN Yetian, JIN Tengchuan 2026, 43 (3):  1.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.001 Abstract ( 30 )   Save First-generation COVID-19 vaccines exhibited significant limitations in countering continuous pathogen evolution and intercepting viral transmission. To develop pan-coronavirus vaccines with cross-variant protective efficacy, this review provided a systematic discussion of research and development strategies, ranging from antigen design to delivery system optimization. The analysis focused on antigen engineering based on S2 subunit conformational remodeling and multi-epitope recombination, while exploring the mechanisms of immune response modulation via multivalent display on protein nanoparticles, viain situexpression using mRNA platforms, and via efficient transduction with viral vectors. Regarding localized respiratory defense, the review elaborated on mucosal immunity strategies to overcome mucosal tolerance and induce secretory IgA and tissue-resident memory cells, further emphasizing the necessity of establishing standardized clinical evaluation systems such as the identification of correlates of protection. In conclusion, integrating structural immunology, advanced delivery platforms, and regulatory science to construct a proactive pan-coronavirus vaccine framework is the pivotal direction for addressing future threats from novel variants and cross-species transmission. Related Articles | Metrics

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#br# Virus-like particle vaccine: mechanisms, applications and challenges JIN Xueyao, ZHANG Peng 2026, 43 (3):  12.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.012 Abstract ( 14 )   Save This review summarizes the research progress of virus-like particle （VLP） vaccines. First, it recaps the production technology routes, including the preparation of recombinant VLPs usingin vitroexpression systems such as yeast, insect cells, and plant cells （e.g., the hepatitis B vaccine Recombivax HB and the HPV vaccine Gardasil-9）, as well as innovative methods for expressing enveloped virus-like particles （eVLPs）in vivovia mRNA technology. Second, VLPs can be classified into three categories based on their structural similarity to the viruses they mimic: size-similar VLPs, intermediate-mimic VLPs, and well-mimic VLPs. The immune activation mechanisms of VLPs, including the uptake and activation of antigen-presenting cells （APCs）, the T-cell immune activation pathway, and the two mechanisms of B-cell activation （T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent）, are overviewed. It also highlights the critical role of VLP structural features, such as particle size （20－200 nm） and repetitive antigen epitopes-in enhancing immune responses. In addition, this review discusses the synergistic effect between immune adjuvants and VLPs and compares VLP vaccines and other vaccine types, including conventional protein subunit vaccines, DNA/mRNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and inactivated/live attenuated vaccines. It delineates current technical bottlenecks of VLP vaccines, such as unstable antigen conformation, difficulties in predicting broad-spectrum epitopes, and limited activation of rare B cell populations, as well as innovative directions including targeted delivery systems, sustained-release technologies, and modulation of antibody isotype responses. Finally, it prospects the potential applications of VLP vaccines in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and opioid addiction intervention. It is believed that by addressing existing limitations such as stability and production costs, and through integration with interdisciplinary technologies, VLP-based vaccines are poised to become an important vaccine platform for addressing global health challenges. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in CAR-T cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma  WANG Jia, ZHANG Chao, NI Xuchen, MA Si’en, SHI Yuqing, ZHAO Bao 2026, 43 (3):  22.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.022 Abstract ( 15 )   Save Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy has emerged as a significant breakthrough in cancer treatment, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies. However, its application in solid tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), faces numerous challenges. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress in CAR-T therapy for liver cancer, focusing on key target antigens such as glypican-3 (GPC3), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Major limiting factors include tumor heterogeneity, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), treatment-related toxicities, and inadequate CAR-T cell infiltration. To address these bottlenecks, various optimization strategies are proposed, such as dual- or multi-targeting approaches, combination therapy regimens, and genetic engineering strategies to enhance CAR-T cell function. These advancements are anticipated to further improve the efficacy, safety, and accessibility of CAR-T therapy for liver cancer, potentially offering new hope for patients with advanced HCC. Future trends in CAR-T technology are expected to focus on intelligent CAR design, rational combination therapies, and the development ofin vivogenerated CAR-T cells. Finally, the ongoing challenges and potential solutions for CAR-T technology are outlined. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a feeder-free system for amplifying NK cells derived from PBMC using magnetic microspheres SHU Xun, ZHANG Qinhan, LI Yutong, LI Yangyang, MA Jie, FANG Fang, XIAO Weihua 2026, 43 (3):  31.  Abstract ( 14 )   Save To construct a fully closed and automatedin vitroexpansion system for natural killer （NK） cells, carboxyl and amino magnetic microspheres were compared, and the conditions such as temperature, pH, and protein conjugation ratios for conjugating 4-1BBL and IL-21 proteins onto the magnetic microspheres were optimized. This preliminary step allowed the construction of a magnetic microsphere-based NK cell expansion protocol in culture flasks. Subsequently, this protocol was further refined by optimizing the ratio of magnetic microspheres to cells and the timing of microsphere addition. The culture vessel was ultimately replaced with a culture bag to achieve a fully closed system. The expanded NK cells exhibited high purity and yield, along with strong cytotoxic effects against various tumor cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed elevated expression levels of cytotoxicity-related markers in the expanded NK cells. The expansion system developed in this study enabled the production of NK cells with high purity and activity while meeting the requirements for fully closed expansion culture, making it suitable for process scale-up and compliance with GMP standards for cell-based therapeutics. These findings lay a solid foundation for establishing a fully closed and automated NK cell manufacturing process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of genes associated with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber dormancy release under low-temperature stress based on omics data DU Xuanrong , ZHANG Ning, SI Huaijun 2026, 43 (3):  39.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.039 Abstract ( 13 )   Save To explore the regulatory mechanism of tuber dormancy release in potato under low-temperature stress, this study used the potato cultivar ‘Favorita’ as the experimental material. Transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing and joint analysis were performed on tubers at 7 days, 30 days, and 45 days after harvest. Using room temperature (22±2) ℃ as the control, under low-temperature (4 ℃) stress, there were 3224 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 202 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) on the 7th day after harvest; 3185 down-regulated DEGs and 468 down-regulated DEPs on the 30th day after harvest; and 4763 down-regulated DEGs and 942 down-regulated DEPs on the 45th day after harvest. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs showed that low temperature might affect potato dormancy release by regulating energy metabolism or plant hormone signaling pathways. The results of joint analysis were further filtered for DEGs and DEPs that were significantly down-regulated under 4 ℃. Cross-comparison of data from the three time points identified 27 co-downregulated DEGs and DEPs during potato dormancy release under low-temperature stress from day 30 to day 45, among which 13 pairs had consistent gene IDs and protein IDs. Furthermore, 6 gene-protein pairs with strong correlation were screened out based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The expression patterns of 6 core genes were verified by qRT-PCR to further analyze the functions of these 6 gene-protein pairs in potato dormancy release. The results provided a basis for deciphering the molecular network of potato tuber dormancy release under low-temperature stress. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of excellent quality triticale germplasm for mildly saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam Basin#br# MA Fucai, LIU Chengkai, LI Jiedong, MA Wenyan, LIU Baolong, CAO Dong, WANG Dongxia 2026, 43 (3):  47.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.047 Abstract ( 8 )   Save To analyze the quality characteristics of triticale grain and forage in mildly saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam Basin and to select superior germplasm, this study utilized a collection of 1645 triticale germplasm resources as experimental materials, and conducted a comprehensive analysis on 20 traits related to grain and forage quality. The analysis revealed significant differences in the genetic diversity of grain and forage quality traits, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1.89% to 76.66% of grain quality and from 0.67% to 60.81% for forage quality, respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated that crude protein content and stability time showed highly significant differences in grain quality, while crude ash content and potassium content exhibited highly significant correlations in forage quality. Principal component analysis showed that gluten content, flour extraction rate, and test weight were the predominant features of grain quality, while starch content, phosphorus concentration, and crude ash content were the key characteristics of forage quality. Cluster analysis classified the 1645 triticale accessions into four groups: groupⅠcomprised germplasms exhibiting superior grain quality traits, and groupⅡcontained accessions with enhanced forage quality characteristics. Through comprehensive evaluation, 20 accessions with superior grain quality and 20 accessions with superior forage quality were selected. These findings provide germplasm resources for breeding triticale with premium grain and forage quality, and offer potential solutions to address forage shortages and elite germplasm scarcity in the Qaidam Basin. Related Articles | Metrics

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A newly record species of Acanthophyllum (Caryophyllaceae) in China and analysis of its plastome ZENG Siwei, LU Wei, WANG Peiqin, Adili·MAMUT, YANG Zhaoping 2026, 43 (3):  55.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.055 Abstract ( 10 )   Save This study reported a newly recorded species of Caryophyllaceae in China,Acanthophyllum coloratumSchischk., which was found in Wuqia County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Its taxonomic status was confirmed through morphological comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS sequences. The plastome was assembled, annotated, and corrected from whole-genome resequencing data, and its characteristics were further analyzed. Morphologically, the newly found plant exhibited key diagnostic traits including linear, opposite leaves covered with strigose hairs, terminal compact capitate inflorescences, pale pinkish-white petals with light purple midveins, and an eglandular and strigose outer surface of the calyx, which were consistent withA. coloratumvar.eglandulosum. This variety differed from the nominate variety,A. coloratumvar.coloratum(which has not been recorded in China) only by the absence of glandular hairs on the calyx. A maximum likelihood tree of the genusAcanthophyllum, constructed using nrITS sequences, showed that the newly found plant (specimen voucher number: YZP001504) formed a highly supported monophyletic clade (BS=100%) with the typical varietyA. coloratumvar.coloratum. Integrating these morphological and molecular results, this plant was confirmed asA. coloratumvar.eglandulosum, for which the Chinese name “wuxian ziwen cishizhu” is proposed. Its plastome had a typical quadripartite structure with a total length of 149532 bp, containing 126 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. This discovery not only added a new taxon to the diversity of higher plants in China but also provided significant scientific value for understanding the migration routes of the Central Asian flora. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impatiens piufanensis—a newly recorded species of Impatiens in Sichuan CHEN Xuyan, MA Xiaolin, FAN Xueqin, YANG Xue, GAO Gang 2026, 43 (3):  64.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.064 Abstract ( 5 )   Save A new record ofImpatiensin southern Sichuan,Impatiens piufanensis, is reported. Through comparative anatomical analysis of its morphological characteristics and literature review, it is confirmed as a new provincial record for Sichuan. The discovery of this new record enriches the floristic diversity of the genusImpatiensin Sichuan Province. Voucher specimens are preserved in the Herbarium of Yibin University（GAO-DXS-02）. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of nitrogen removal performance of Pseudomonas hunanensis SK-4 for copper-containing wastewater ZHANG Yuhong, CAI Jiacheng, LIU Jian, GAO Wensong, WANG Xiruo, MA Xuerui 2026, 43 (3):  67.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.067 Abstract ( 11 )   Save To address the issue that biological denitrification systems are prone to being impacted by copper-containing wastewater, leading to a significant decline in denitrification efficiency, this study optimized the culture factors ofPseudomonas hunanensisSK-4 through a three-step method combining the Plackett-Burman test, the steepest ascent test, and the response surface test. The results of the Plackett-Burman test indicated that the oscillation speed, pH, and inoculation amount had the most significant impact on the denitrification performance of strain SK-4. Moreover, Cu2+ at a mass concentration of 30－50 mg/L did not significantly affect the denitrification efficiency of strain SK-4, demonstrating its strong tolerance to Cu2+. The response surface test revealed that under conditions of pH 7.83, an inoculation amount （volume fraction） of 3.95%, and an oscillation speed of 149.21 r/min, strain SK-4 can achieve an optimal removal rate of NH+4-N of 82.33%. In the actual wastewater pilot test, even under the stress of 35.31 mg/L Cu2+, strain SK-4 could still efficiently degrade pollutants, with removal rates of TN, NH+4-N, NO－3-N, and COD reaching 93.79%, 98.52%, 85.42%, and 89.90%, respectively. This study optimized the nitrogen metabolism efficiency of strain SK-4 in copper-containing wastewater, verified its practical application potential, and provided a new treatment approach for the biological treatment of copper-containing wastewater. Related Articles | Metrics

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Dietary habits and gastric fungal composition of four sympatric small mammal species in the Yunlong region: a DNA metabarcoding analysis MA Yi, ZHU Wanlong 2026, 43 (3):  74.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.074 Abstract ( 17 )   Save Studying the environmental adaptation strategies and coexistence mechanisms of sympatric species is of great significance for the development of community ecology theory. In this study, DNA metabarcoding technology was used to analyze the diets and gastric fungi of four sympatric small mammal species in the Yunlong region of Dali. Food diversity, niche breadth, niche overlap and fungal function were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the trophic niche overlap betweenTupaia belangeriandApodemus chevrieriwas high, reaching 52%. This was attributed to differences in their activity rhythms, resulting in obvious temporal niche differentiation. However, the other species exhibited separation in food resource utilization and fungal metabolic function, indicating clear trophic niche differentiation. The above results indicated that the four species reduced interspecific competition through niche differentiation to achieve long-term sympatric coexistence. Among them,A. chevrieriexhibited the narrowest range of food resource utilization among the four species, suggesting weaker adaptability in this environment and potentially lower competitive ability in future evolution. The remaining three species have each developed their own unique adaptation strategies. This study provided a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms maintaining species diversity among small mammals in Yunlong, Dali, and offered a reference for rodent ecological management in this area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the production of violacein by microbial fermentation ZHANG Qining, CUI Xinjiang, JIAO Yujuan, ZHANG Wenming, JIANG Wankui, JIANG Yujia, GUO Feng, XIN Fengxue 2026, 43 (3):  80.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.080 Abstract ( 4 )   Save This review systematically introduces the chemical properties and extensive biological activities of violacein, a purple pigment from natural sources, and briefly describes its potential application value in medicine, agriculture, and the food industry. The research history of violacein extracted from natural sources is reviewed, and the development bottlenecks in large-scale production due to limited yield and a complex synthesis mechanism are analyzed. In recent years, the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering has provided new ideas for the efficient biosynthesis of violacein. This article focuses on reviewing the structure and regulatory mechanism of the violacein biosynthetic gene cluster, and expounds on the technical progress made in constructing heterologous expression systems inEscherichia coli,Yarrowia lipolytica, and other model strains. In addition, this article summarizes the research trend of using agricultural by-products and industrial waste as fermentation raw materials to reduce production costs and improve environmental friendliness, and explores non-metabolic engineering strategies such as optimizing fermentation process parameters to improve the efficiency of violacein production. The current industrialization process of violacein is still restricted by multiple factors such as a long fermentation cycle and low efficiency of the synthesis pathway. Based on the existing research results, this article concludes that the key to efficient and sustainable production of violacein lies in unraveling the gene regulatory network and enhancing the resource utilization efficiency of cell factories. To this end, strategies for optimizing gene expression, improving fermentation protocols, and utilizing low-cost raw materials are proposed to promote efficient and sustainable production of violacein. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and research progress of synthetic microbial communities in modern agriculture LI Qing, GE An, PAN Hui, ZHONG Caihong, XIAO Hailin, LI Li 2026, 43 (3):  89.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.089 Abstract ( 9 )   Save Synthetic microbial communities （SynComs）, as an emerging bioengineering approach, have gained significant research momentum globally in recent years due to their environmentally friendly nature aligning with the concept of sustainable modern agriculture. This review focused on elaborating the immense potential demonstrated by SynComs across multiple functional dimensions: enhancing crop yield and quality （optimizing nutrient uptake, regulating metabolic pathways）, biologically controlling of pests and diseases （antagonizing pathogens, inducing plant resistance）, improving soil health and nutrient management （improving fertility, remediating pollution, suppressing soil-borne diseases）, and bolstering crop tolerance to abiotic stresses （drought, salinity, aluminum toxicity）.Furthermore, the review highlighted the current challenges: the difficulty in maintaining long-term stability due to the inherent dynamics and complexity of microbial communities, insufficient understanding of microbial interaction networks, and the lack of both of supportive policies and market mechanisms. Finally, prospects for the future development of SynComs were presented, pointing out that achieving widespread application in modern agricultural production would require not only breakthroughs in systematic fundamental research and interdisciplinary collaborative innovation, but also improvements in technology extension systems, and policy/market frameworks would play a crucial role. Related Articles | Metrics

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#br# Study on detection method of recombinant collagen by internal injection based on HPLC-MS GAO Jianping, FAN Xiaoju, CHU Yun, ZHAI Yuanxin, WANG Xinhui, YAN Haoqian, LE Hao, TANG Ding, QIAN Song, ZHANG Guifeng 2026, 43 (3):  95.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.095 Abstract ( 11 )   Save In this study, recombinant type Ⅲ collagen was used as the subject of this study. The marker peptide was digested by trypsin and identified with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). This peptide was then used as a quantitative reference standard to establish the quantification method. Subsequently, the method was applied to quantify the residual amounts of recombinant type Ⅲ collagen (rhCOL-Ⅲ) following intradermal injection in rats. The results indicated that the marker peptide of rhCOL-Ⅲ was GESGPAGPAGAPGPAGSK. The peptide showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1－200 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient over 0.99. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of reproducibility and precision were 2.65% and 4.89%, respectively. The spiked recoveries were all within the range of 96%－118%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and the limit of detection (LOD) for the marker peptide were 0.5 ng/mL and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. After 5 hours of intradermal injection, the concentration of rhCOL-Ⅲ remaining in the skin ranged from 0.79 μg/mg to 3.94 μg/mg. The method had high precision, good reproducibility and high sensitivity. Furthermore, it is unaffected by the animal’s endogenous collagen. This method can be used for the quantitative detection of rhCOL-Ⅲ remaining afterin vivoinjection in rats. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on critical factors for rapid propagation of Picrasma quassioides HUANG Huaxi, WANG Xuexue, LIU Fanglin, WEI Qiulan, ZHU Changsan, Dina·Jiaerken, CHEN Rong 2026, 43 (3):  101.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.101 Abstract ( 5 )   Save This study aimed to establish a technical system for tissue culture and rapid propagation for the forest-derived medicinal plantPicrasma quassioides, thereby providing technical references for the clonal propagation of superiorP. quassioidesindividuals and the development of new cultivars. By utilizing the sprouting shoots of eliteP. quassioidesplants as explants, this research investigated lateral bud proliferation technology and pinpointed the optimal conditions for adventitious bud induction, multiplication, rooting, and transplantation. Consequently, an efficient rapid propagation system forP. quassioideswas successfully developed. The findings indicated that the most effective medium for initial bud induction was A1 \[MS medium supplemented with Hyponex No.1 at 750 mg/L, Ca(NO3)2at 460 mg/L, and KH2PO4at 70 mg/L\]+6-BA at 0.4 mg/L+NAA at 0.5 mg/L+KT at 0.5 mg/L, achieving an induction rate of 97.71%. For subculture and proliferation, the optimal medium was A1+6-BA at 0.3 mg/L+NAA at 0.2 mg/L+IAA at 0.5 mg/L+KT at 0.3 mg/L, with a proliferation coefficient of 6.87. Regarding rooting, the best-performing medium was 1/2A1+IAA at 0.5 mg/L+IBA at 0.8 mg/L+activated carbon at 0.05 g/L, resulting in a rooting rate of 98.29% and an average of 5 roots per plant. Following acclimatization, the plants were transplanted into a substrate with yellow clay, vermiculite, and peat soil in a volume ratio of 3∶4∶3, achieving a transplantation survival rate of 97.41%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and practice of an “emerging engineering” talent training model for the bioengineering specialty YU Yanfang, XIN Fengxue, JIANG Yujia 2026, 43 (3):  107.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.107 Abstract ( 12 )   Save To meet the needs of bioindustrial upgrading and reform, the talent training model for the bioengineering specialty needs to be continuously explored and practiced. Based on the requirements of the talent training model of the bioengineering specialty, the “emerging engineering” attributes shall be met, including disciplinary integration, innovation drive, and engineering practicality. Thus, this paper focused on the model of “integration of science and education, collaboration between industry and education, excellent teachers and excellent learning, full-process tutors”. The exploration and practice of this model have achieved outstanding results in the “emerging engineering” of the bioengineering specialty, providing a reference and inspiration for the talent training model of the bioengineering specialty in universities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement of experimental teaching in chlorophyll extraction method LYU Lefu, XIE Ruohan, SUN Yufei, LI Xiaoyun, XIN Guorong 2026, 43 (3):  112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.112 Abstract ( 9 )   Save To optimize the chlorophyll extraction method in plant physiology experiments, a freeze grinder was used instead of a mortar in the traditional method with green pineapple as the experimental material and using chlorophyll content as the indicator. Based on a single factor experiment, a Box-Behnken experimental design was carried out, and response surface optimization experiments were conducted for liquid solid ratio, extraction time, and extraction frequency. The results indicated that the primary and secondary relationships of the three factors were as follows: extraction time>extraction frequency>liquid-solid ratio. Based on the response surface optimization experiment results and actual operation, the optimal extraction process parameters were determined as follows: a liquid solid ratio of 15 m/L, extraction time of 45 s, extraction frequency of 65 Hz, and chlorophyll content of (1.7270±0.0197) mg/g. The optimization method was accurate and reliable. The consumption of extraction reagents and operation time accounted for 1/5 and 1/3 of that of the traditional method, respectively, and the chlorophyll content has increased by 32.00% compared with that of the traditional method. This method can be applied to teaching in plant physiology experiments, enriching the experimental content and cultivating and improving students’ scientific thinking and practical innovation abilities. It can also be used for extraction in batches to improve efficiency and achieve the goal of saving reagents and time. Related Articles | Metrics

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Improvement and practice in teaching the designing experiment of plant tissue culture XIAO Lin, TANG Na, YUAN Jinhong, TANG Chaozhi, LI Junhua 2026, 43 (3):  117.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.117 Abstract ( 11 )   Save Experimental courses on plant tissue culture are widely offered in biology and related majors, yet they face challenges such as difficulties in obtaining suitable explant materials, stringent aseptic operation requirements, and environmental pollution posed by experimental reagents. To enhance the effectiveness of plant tissue culture experiments conducted in universities, improvements were made to the experimental design. The experiment utilized fresh sweet corn as the material, employing ethanol-based disinfectants for surface sterilization. The seeds and embryos were then inoculated into media containing various mass concentrations of 2,4-D to observe the impact of different mass concentrations of 2,4-D on callus induction, as well as on the growth of roots and shoots. Students were divided into several groups to conduct the experiments, with each group responsible for inoculating explants under specific treatment conditions, conducting subsequent observations, and recording data. Finally, all groups shared their experimental data and jointly analyzed the results to draw conclusions. Through the experiment, students not only mastered the basic skills of tissue culture but also verified plant physiological phenomena such as the influence of auxin on cell growth and differentiation, and fully observed the formation process of callus. This experimental design had several advantages, including easy access to plant materials, simple and easy-to-master operations, the use of environmentally friendly disinfectants, and good extensibility. In practice, it has stimulated students’ strong interest and cultivated their scientific thinking and teamwork skills. Related Articles | Metrics

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Practice of the comprehensive experiment of plant biological breeding LIU Yajing, WANG Ying, YANG Xuguang, WANG Qingyu, LI Jingwen, ZHU Youcheng, WANG Le, YAN Fan 2026, 43 (3):  122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.122 Abstract ( 8 )   Save The comprehensive experiment of plant biological breeding is a comprehensive design experiment course integrating crop breeding, molecular biology, genetics, genetic engineering and bioinformatics under the background of new agricultural science. The “Creation of new high-oil soybean germplasm based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology” is a comprehensive design project in the experimental library. The project takes bioinformatics as the lead, molecular biology and biological breeding as the main body, and crosses over genetic engineering and genetics. It is a new comprehensive experimental project of biological breeding under the background of new agricultural science. The experiment comprised 5 modules, including program design, simulation training, experiment implementation, skill training and practice internship, to help students systematically master cutting-edge technologies such as plant germplasm resource innovation, digital breeding, and genome editing, mobilize learning enthusiasm, realize active learning, and stimulate students’ innovative thinking and feelings toward “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”. This experiment project was taken as an example to explore the reform of the plant biological breeding comprehensive experiment in teaching, aiming to provide a referential experience for biological breeding-related disciplines, further optimizing the curriculum and continuously updating and improving. Related Articles | Metrics

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Development of a participatory teaching model in general entomology using insect behaviors LIU Wei, WANG Dan, LI Maoye, HUANG Yong, LI Shiguang 2026, 43 (3):  127.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2026.03.127 Abstract ( 10 )   Save The participatory teaching method is gaining increasing attention in higher education, particularly in foundational courses. Based on the participatory teaching method, our teaching team uses insect behaviors as an engine, explores the relationship between the course of general entomology and insect behavior, develops a participatory teaching model for general entomology that consists of “teacher guidance, partial adjustment, student participation, and joint feedback”, and achieves excellent teaching outcomes, which provide a valuable example for teaching in other universities. This teaching innovation significantly enhances students’ enthusiasm and initiative, improves their creative thinking, problem-solving skills and scientific qualities. Related Articles | Metrics