Table of Content

18 June 2022, Volume 39 Issue 3 Previous Issue   

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Research progress on experimental ethical norms for alternative animal WEI Xin, XU Weiping 2022, 39 (3):  1.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.001 Abstract ( 286 )   PDF   Save This review provided an overview of the use of laboratory animals and the current status of ethical irregularities in animal experiments. The need for alternative animal development and its ethical review advantages were pointed out. We summarized the research scope and ethical guidelines for alternative animal experiments, as well as the relevant content of its ethical review. The importance of the development of alternative animal-related technologies in scientific research and experimental teaching was also discussed. The relevant situation of the follow-up after the implementation of the ethical standards for alternative animal research was listed and an outlook on the development direction of the standardization of the ethical evaluation was made for alternative animal research in the future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of virology academic salon of biological science #br# #br# KANG Cuijie 2022, 39 (3):  6.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.006 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF   Save The academic meeting named “The Virology Academic Salon of Biological Science” was held in Hefei of China from October 22 to 23, 2021. This conference was sponsored by the periodical office of the Journal of Biology, twelve young experts from different disciplines made wonderful academic reports. The reports focused on several themes, including infection and host immune mechanisms, virus evolution and cross-species transmission, viral epidemiological characteristics, virus diagnosis, prevention and control, centering on the latest research progress about coronavirus, Zika virus, leukoplakia syndrome virus, tomato yellow virus, rice sawtooth dwarf virus, and so on. The academic exchanges and discussion were made among the experts and more than five thousand participants on and under line. The conference was of benefit to the integration and development of virus-related researches among different disciplines. This article briefly summarizes the key exchange content in this academic salon. Related Articles | Metrics

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Isolation and identification of variant strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and analysis of genetic evolution XIN Zhonghao, GUO Xiaozhen, LU Xiaohan, JIAO Anqi, LIU Liping, YU Jiang, HUANG Bin, SUN Shuhong, WU Jiaqiang 2022, 39 (3):  12.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.012 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF   Save Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute, highly contact intestinal infectious disease of pigs caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). To understand the genetic evolutionary trend of PEDV in Shandong, RT-PCR was performed on clinical material collected from 2020-2021 with suspected epidemic diarrhea. Subsequently, the supernatant of the treated disease material was inoculated into Vero cells for PEDV virus isolation and verified using indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), and a PEDV strain, named QH-202105, was successfully isolated. the isolate was passaged and cultured to the 10th generation, its RNA was extracted, amplified and whole genome was sequenced, and the whole genome and S gene of the isolate were combined with the reference sequence downloaded from NCBI. The results showed that the isolate had the highest nucleotide homology with USA/Colorado/2013 at 99.1% and the lowest homology with CHM2013 at 96.5%. Amino acid sequence analysis of the S gene showed that the isolate QH-202105 had more than 60 mutations in the N terminus of the S gene, two amino acid insertions (including four amino acid insertions in QGVN at amino acids 59-62 and an insertion in amino acid N at position 145) and two amino acid deletions (deletion in amino acids 115-118 and deletion in amino acids 167-168). The results of evolutionary tree analysis showed that the isolated strain QH-202105 was a G2 gene group, which was the closest relative to CH/HNAY/2015 and CH/ZJCX-1/2012 and belonged to the same evolutionary branch. Based on this result, PROVEAN was applied to predict the function of the mutated amino acid in the S protein of QH-202105, and the result showed that the mutation at 1361 (G→C) was determined to be “Deleterious”, and it could be assumed that the mutation here might have an indirect effect on the invasiveness of the virus.The results of the study could provide reference data for the prevalence and prevention and control of PEDV variants in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of WSSV and DIV1 infection on hemolymph coagulation in Litopenaeus vannamei YAN Xuheng, LIAO Xuzheng, HE Jianguo, YIN Bin, LI Chaozheng 2022, 39 (3):  18.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.018 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF   Save The hemolymph coagulation was inhibited after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. In this study, the role of clotting reaction genes in antiviral immunity was investigated. The expression of LvTGI, LvTGII and LvCP was assessed by qPCR after virus-stimulated to explore the interaction between clotting reaction genes and virus infection. RNAi was performed to further explore the function of LvTGI and LvTGII in antiviral immunity. It showed that the expression of LvTGI, LvTGII and LvCP could respond to WSSV and DIV1 infection, which were induced or inhibited in gills and hepatopancreas. Besides, knockdown of LvTGI and LvTGII by RNAi suppressed shrimp hemolymph coagulation, indicating that LvTGI and LvTGII play an important role in the clotting system. Silencing of LvTGI and LvTGII resulted in a higher cumulative mortality observed in virus infected shrimp, thus rendering shrimp more susceptibility to WSSV and DIV1. These results provided some insights into the interplay between the coagulation system and viral infection in shrimp. Related Articles | Metrics

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Population characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity DENG Shasha, XU Zhihao, HU Jing, JIN Tengchuan 2022, 39 (3):  24.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.024 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF   Save The specific T cell responses of COVID-19 patients, convalescent patients, unexposed individuals and vaccinators, and summarized the population characteristics of T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed. SARS-CoV-2 can significantly induce T cell responses in COVID-19 patients, and the degree of T cell activation is closely related to the severity of the disease. There are bulk of memory T cells in convalescents that can respond to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Some T cells of unexposed healthy people can be activated by SARS-CoV-2 antigen, indicating the existence of cross-reaction and preexisting immunity. Vaccination population can induce the production of specific memory lymphocytes to defend against SARS-CoV-2 invasion. Several highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants) were summarized, as well as the effectiveness of current cellular immunity against them, providing a theoretical basis for the development of effective prevention and treatment approaches. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the antibacterial properties and biological safety of Ti3 C2/Co two-dimensional nanomaterials ZHOU Xuan, ZHENG Yunfei, JIA Qilin, ZHANG Feiran 2022, 39 (3):  30.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.030 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF   Save This experiment took E. coli as the research target flora. The antibacterial properties of Ti3C2/Co nanomaterials under near-infrared light (NIR) were studied by standard plate counting, live-dead bacteria staining, and observation of the bacterial surface structure under a scanning electron microscope. Hemolysis test, cck8 cytotoxicity test and migration test of umbilical vein endothelial cells were further verified its biological safety.The results showed that Ti3C2/Co nanomaterials were clear lamellar structures. The magnetic cobalt nanowires endowed Ti3C2/Co nanomaterials with controllable magnetic ability. Ti3C2/Co composite nanomaterials had good antibacterial properties, and its sterilization rate could reach 100% at a concentration of 250 μg/mL when combined with near-infrared light. At the same time, Ti3C2/Co composite nanomaterials showed excellent cell compatibility within a certain concentration range. This material had potential application prospects and could be used as an antibacterial agent in many fields such asmedical catheters, surgical instruments and antibacterial gauze. Related Articles | Metrics

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Codon bias and evolution analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene #br# #br# LI Qiue, QIN Yu, ZHENG Qiaomu, TAN Guodong, LIAO Hai, ZHOU Jiayu 2022, 39 (3):  36.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.036 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF   Save 　Codon W and EMBOSS were used to analyze the codon usage bias of PAL genes and possible formation mechanism from 42 different plant species, to provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of PAL gene expression in plants. RSCU results indicated that PAL genes from monocotyledonous plants had stronger codon usage bias than those from dicotyledons and other plants, with CUC as the optimal codon. PAL genes in monocotyledons prefer G/C codes, whereas PAL in dicotyledons prefer A/T codes. Enc-plot results showed that the codon usage bias of dicotyledons and other plants was mainly influenced by natural selection, while the codon usage bias of monocotyledons was influenced by both mutation and natural selection. Cluster analysis showed that CDS sequence-based clustering was more suitable than RSCU based clustering in phylogenetic analysis. The PAL genes of most monocotyledons were suitable for expression in E. coli, whereas the PAL genes of dicotyledons were suitable for expression in yeast. Furthermore, Arabidopsis thaliana might be the more appropriate genetic transformation receptor for genetic transformation of the PAL genes from 42 different plant species than tobacco. These results laid the theoretical foundation for genetic evolution investigation and functional validation of PAL genes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The mechanism of arachidonic acid catalyzed by CYP4F12 based on theoretical calculations LYU Xudong, TAO Yulian, MA Yufei, YAN Fei, ZHANG Meiling 2022, 39 (3):  41.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.041 Abstract ( 235 )   PDF   Save To study the reaction of cytochrome enzyme P450 (CYP) 4F12 catalyzed by arachidonic acid (AA), we used density functional theory (DFT), homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to perform a computational study on the interaction of CYP4F12 and arachidonic acid (AA). The DFT calculation based on the model of arachidonic acid and heme group showed that the energy barrier of hydroxylation at the ω-2 site was about 5-26 kJ/mol lower than that of other potential metabolic sites. The results of ERRAT and PROCHECK confirmed that the modeled protein has a good quality.The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that the ω-2 site was more accessible to active oxygen atoms in the catalytic process, and the amino acid residues ASN122 and SER399 near the active site played a major role in stabilizing the substrate. Binding free energy analysis also showed that the amino acid residues ASN122 and SER399 had a significant contribution to catalysis. Our research revealed the binding mode of arachidonic acid catalyzed by CYP4F12, which provided research ideas and theoretical guidance for the study of CYP 4 enzymes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and analysis of differential genes in T-ALL based on multi-omics data #br# #br# LI Jianwei, YUE Xinlei, HU Hezhi 2022, 39 (3):  46.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.046 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF   Save Bioinformatics analysis approaches were employed to screen the differential genes from the genomic and epigenetic data of the patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), and the multi-omics gene similarity fusion networks were built with a view to screen out key genes and explore its pathogenic mechanisms. The data of RNA-seq, CTCF ChIP-seq and DNA methylation of T-ALL were downloaded from GEO and SRA databases. Using both DESeq2 and edgeR software, the differential gene expression analysis of RNA-seq and CTCF ChIP-seq data was performed. The CHAMP software was adopted to screen the differential genes in DNA methylation data. Since then, 5 887, 5 315 and 2 196 differential genes had been identified from the data of RNA-seq, CTCF ChIP-seq and DNA methylation, respectively. There were 119 genes in the intersection of the three differential gene sets. The multi-omics gene similarity fusion network was constructed, and 48 key genes with strong interactions and more associations were screened out from it. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG path enrichment analysis were performed for the 48 key genes, the protein-protein interaction network of the key genes was established by using the STRING database, Cytoscape software was used to select eight core genes (CTLA4, CD7, GPR29, CD5, CD247, IL2RB, FASLG and CD274). After comprehensive searches in CGC and CTD databases, the results indicate that the eight core genes hold great potential of becoming the T-ALL's biomarkers, and they provide assistance to the exploration of pathogenesis of T-ALL and targeting drug development. Related Articles | Metrics

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The phylogeny of Magnoliaceae based on chloroplast genome ZHU Bin, QIAN Fang, WANG Xiaoshuang, LIU Yingliang 2022, 39 (3):  53.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.053 Abstract ( 522 )   PDF   Save In the present study, 41cp genomes of Magnoliaceae species were used to determine the phylogenetic relationship. Results showed that the cp genomes of tested species were significantly variable at genome size (142723-160183 bp) and gene contents (116-138 genes). Three phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences (WCGS), coding sequences (CDS) and matK gene sequences, respectively. It is demonstrated that the three methods had consistent clustering results of the well-defined Magnoliaceae species, supporting the conclusion of traditional morphological classification. And the phylogenetic tree constructed based on WCGS had the highest bootstrap values (BVs), thus, the phylogenetic relationship was likely more appropriate to reveal the evolutionary process. Based on WCGS phylogenetic trees, the Liriodendron genus had a closed relationship to Magnolioideae species. Among these Magnolioideae species, Magnolia odoratissima showed a relatively distant relationship to other species. Our study clarified the appropriate methods for phylogenetic analysis of Magnoliaceae species, and constructed the phylogenetic relationship among selected Magnoliaceae species at chloroplast DNA level, which could be benefit to accurate identification and genetic resources conservation of Magnoliaceae species. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different substrates and light conditions on tissue culture and planting of Hydrilla verticillata LYU Zhe, LIU Jie, ZHANG Jinghua, WAN Yun, LENG Xin 2022, 39 (3):  59.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.059 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF   Save In order to study the effects of different substrates and light conditions on the growth and planting of Hydrilla verticillata tissue cultured seedlings, the four light quality (white light, red light, blue light, red and blue mixed light) and three photoperiods (8, 12, 16 h/d) under the condition of tissue culture research, and tissue culture seedlings in three substrates (soil, sand, sediment mixed) and three shading levels (no shade, 40% shade, 80% shade) under the condition of plant research were studied. The results showed that red light significantly increased the dry weight and soluble sugar accumulation of Hydrilla verticillata, and significantly reduced the content of soluble protein. Blue light promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll a and inhibited the synthesis of chlorophyll b. The dry weight was the heaviest under the 12 h/d photoperiod, and the stem length was the longest, which was beneficial to the synthesis of chlorophyll. The increase of photoperiod improved the antioxidant enzyme activity of Hydrilla verticillate. The soil substrate was more conducive to the growth of Hydrilla verticillata than the sand substrate, and 80% shading was beneficial to increase the height and stem dry weight. This research not only supplied and improved the Hydrilla verticillata tissue culture system, but also provided a technical reference for the engineering application of tissue culture seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the effect of Chlorella liquid fertilizeron three plants growth ZHONG Huiqi , HAN Pei , LU Qian , LENG Lijian, LI Jun , ZHOU Wenguang 2022, 39 (3):  66.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.066 Abstract ( 579 )   PDF   Save To explore the promoting effect of Chlorella as liquid fertilizer on plant growth, Chlorella were investigated as liquid fertilizer in water culture experiment and soil culture experiment respectively. The results of water culture experiments showed that application of 0.05 g/L Chlorella NCU-2 could promote the growth of Hydrocotyle verticillata and Epipremnum aureum. Compared with that of the water control, the number of leaves increased by more than 60% and the total leaf area increased by 84.63%-367.08% on Hydrocotyle verticillata. Meanwhile, the stem length increased by more than 67.78%, and the total leaf area increased by 70.92%-123.70% on Epipremnum aureum. The results of soil culture experiments showed that application of 0.04 g Chlorella NCU-2 could promote the growth of Capsicum annuum Linn. Compared with that of the water control, the plant height and the fruit number of Capsicum annuum Linn increased by 10%, 48.48%-112.12%, respectively. After the application of Chlorella NCU-2, the contents of available potassium and organic matter in the soil increased by 11.30%-20.04%. The results implied that Chlorella NCU-2 could not only promote the growth of three plants, but also improve the soil physicochemical properties, which had a certain reference significance for further exploring the growth promoting effect of Chlorella on plants and practical application. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of rapamycin on the content of fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the expression of key enzyme genes WEI Fengjuan, GONG Yifu, ZHANG Li, CHEN Rongshi, WANG Heyu, YANG Bingdi 2022, 39 (3):  72.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.072 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF   Save The effects of rapamycin (RPM) on fucoxanthin content and the correlation between photosynthesis and fucoxanthin accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum were studied in this paper. Results indicated that 2.5-10 mmol/L RPM promoted the growth of P. tricornutum cells and the accumulation of fucoxanthin content. When the RPM concentration was 5 mmol/L, the content of fucoxanthin was the highest, which increased 40%. RT-qPCR analysis results showed that 24 h after RPM treating, the expression level of pds gene was consistent with the change trend of fucoxanthin content in P. tricornutum. The expression of lcyb gene showed a downward-regulated trend compare with that of the treatment group. The expression levels of psbA, rbcL, rbcS and fcpb genes related to the photosynthetic were significantly up-regulated. Principal component analysis showed that the accumulation of fucoxanthin content was positively correlated with the expression levels of photosynthetic rbcS, psbA, and rbcL genes.This result provided a theoretical basis for further exploring the biosynthesis mechanism of fucoxanthin in P. tricornutum and the correlation between photosynthesis and fucoxanthin content. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the multiple characteristics of the peripheral light-harvesting complexes from different purple bacteria YUE Huiying, YANG Suping, ZHAO Chungui 2022, 39 (3):  78.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.078 Abstract ( 200 )   PDF   Save To elucidate the surface charge and membrane binding characteristics of peripheral light harvesting complex 2 (LH2) from different purple bacteria, as well as the relationship between its spectral structure and function characteristics, the effects of solubilization time, salting out concentration and anion exchange chromatography elution gradient on the purification results and characteristics of LH2 from different species were investigated. The results showed that the solubilization time and salting out concentration of the LH2 (A-LH2) from Rhodobacter azotoformans were lower than those of the LH2 (P-LH2) from Rhodopseudomonas palustris, whereas the anion exchange chromatography elution gradient of A-LH2 was higher than that of P-LH2, indicating that A-LH2 had stronger membrane binding ability and was easy to dissociated from membrane, besides, A-LH2 had strong hydrophobicity and more negative surface charge. Compared with that in P-LH2, the characteristic absorption peaks of BChl a Qy in A-LH2 blue shifted to 798 and 848 nm, and the elution volume of A-LH2 in molecular sieve chromatography was slightly smaller, indicating that the molecular size of A-LH2 was larger. Pigment composition analysis showed that 3,4-didehydrorhodopin (conjugated double bonds N=12) was the main carotenoid in P-LH2 whereas spheroidene (conjugated double bonds N=10) was the main carotenoid in A-LH2. Raman spectra analysis indicated that spheroidene adopted a planar conformation bound to proteins in A-LH2, and the shorter conjugated double bonds and an extended conformation were beneficial for energy transferring in A-LH2. This study provided a method for comparing the membrane binding ability and surface charge of LH2 among different species (strains). Meanwhile, the comparative analysis of the LH2 from different purple bacteria could provide theories foundation for the construction of artificial photoelectric conversion device or artificial photosynthetic hydrogen production system by using LH2 from purple bacteria. Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and optimization of application conditions of terramycin bacteria residue degrading bacteria KANG Runze, QIAN Siriguleng, NI Weihong, DU Xinxin, YU Yaodong, WANG Hongying 2022, 39 (3):  83.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.083 Abstract ( 222 )   PDF   Save This paper selected two strains of terramycin resistant mold M-1 and M-2 obtained from the compost of terramycin producing bacteria residues. The acid, alkali and terramycin tolerance of the two strains was studied. The terramycin producing slag was used as the main medium component, the protease production capacity of the two strains along with conversion capacity of the slag producing bacteria of the active ingredient was investigated. The results showed that M-1 and M-2 both had good growth at pH 3 to 7. The acid resistance of mold M-1 was better than that of strain M-2. There was no obvious inhibitory effect on the growth of the two strains, when the concentration of terramycin was below 1800 u/mL. When the strains were cultured with 5% bacterial residue suspension medium, the two strains displayed good protease production characteristics. Under the optimal culture conditions, the protease production activity of M-1 reached to 99.33 u/mL, and M-2 reached to 44.41 u/mL. The optimal bacteria residue transformation conditions for strains M-1 and M-2 were 40 mL/250 mL liquid volume, 10% bacterial residue addition, 5% inoculum volume, pH 6.0, 30 ℃, shaker rotation cultivate at 160r/min for 168 h; and 100 mL/250 mL for filling, add 5% of bacterial residue, 9% of inoculum, pH 6.5, 30 ℃ shaker at 160 r/min for 144 hours, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Aspergillus niger extract water dispersible tablets by response surface methodology and study on its anti-disease and growth-promoting effects YAO Jiangpang, TANG Jinghong, XIAO Yang, LI Zhu, ZHAO Jinyi, SUN Ran 2022, 39 (3):  88.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.088 Abstract ( 209 )   PDF   Save Using Aspergillus niger extract as the test material, single factor test screening and response surface analysis were used to optimize the preparation of Aspergillus niger extract water-dispersible tablets, and the effects of Aspergillus niger extract water-dispersible tablets on tobacco agronomic characteristics and physiological and biochemical indicators were studied through field applications impact. The results of the study showed that the best formula for water-dispersible tablets of Aspergillus niger extract was: 10% Aspergillus niger extract, disintegrant ratio (acid-base) 0.45, 36% disintegrant, 6% polyethylene glycol 6000, 2% Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30, filled with fillers, the Aspergillus niger extract water-dispersible tablets prepared under these conditions had a smooth surface, moderate particle strength and low viscosity with suspension rate 80.56%, pH 5.71, and disintegration time 130.2 s. It met the quality and technical indicators of pesticide formulations. The results of field experiments showed that compared with the control, the number of leaves of tobacco using Aspergillus niger extract water-dispersible tablets increased by 68.35%-89.83%, the leaf length increased by 9.54%-30.18%, the leaf width increased by 23.37%-29.38%, and the stem diameter was increased by 23.37%-29.38%. The thickness increased by 66.40%-97.36% and the plant height increased by 5.80%-16.30%; under the action of the tablet, the field control effect of tobacco bacterial wilt reached more than 50%, it improved the adaptability of tobacco to the unfavorable environment and promoted plant growth and environmental resistance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pioneer transcription factor DUX4 inzygotic genome activation during human embryo development #br# #br# LIU Yubing, LIU Chenchen, QIAN Richeng 2022, 39 (3):  94.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.094 Abstract ( 480 )   PDF   Save Mammalian life starts from zygote, which the oocyte is fertilized by the sperm. Subsequentmaternal-to-zygotic transition(MZT)is a crucial process in preimplantation embryo development.Pioneer transcription factors play a crucial role in the establishment of chromatin accessibility and zygotic genome activation initiation in early embryos through binding to specific sequences of target genes. However, the regulatory networks of pioneer transcription factor in human embryos remain unclear. Using the model of human embryonic stem cells, it has been found DUX4(double homeobox 4, DUX4) protein is the pivotal initiating factor for zygotic genome activation.The progress of human DUX4 in cell models and early embryo genome activation was summarized. Understanding the mechanism of zygotic genome activation in human preimplantation embryos may be helpful to optimize the in vitro culture system and to increase the success rate of assisted reproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advance on the function of Sox gene family in aquatic animal gonadal development XU Dongjie, XIE Xi, WANG Mengen, WANG Zhenya, ZHU Dongfa 2022, 39 (3):  97.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.097 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF   Save The discovery, identification and classification of the SRY related HMG-box (Sox) gene family were reviewed. Analysis of amino acid sequences among different subfamilies revealed that HMG-box of the same subfamily genes is highly conserved more than 80% similarity, while HMG-box of different subfamily genes is lower. The study of Sox gene family in aquatic animal gonadal development was summarized and the gonadal development in fish mainly regulated by members of subfamilies B and E including Sox9, Sox3 and Sox8 was found. Sox genes belonging to subfamily B and E were also reported to be involved in the regulation of physiological processes such as gonadal development in shrimp and crab. In addition, Sox9, Sox2 and SoxH genes might play vital roles irregulating gonadal development in mollusks. Studies on the Sox gene family in aquatic gonadal development have focused on gene cloning and expression profiling to date, but their mechanisms of action and molecular pathways needed to be studied more systematically and thoroughly in order to improve the molecular regulatory mechanisms of gonadal development in aquatic animals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the effects of rhizosphere organic acids on the chemical behavior and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil #br# #br# ZHOU Song, YANG Jianhao, YAN Shiwei, YAN Yuetong, ZHANG Lingyu, YE Wenling 2022, 39 (3):  103.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.103 Abstract ( 213 )   PDF   Save This article presented a review of the types and sources of organic acids in soil and their effects on the chemical behavior and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. On the one hand, the factors affecting the differentiation of organic acid secretion and the mechanism of changing soil pH were summarized; on the other hand, it focused on the influence mechanism of rhizosphere organic acids on the occurrence and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil. Rhizospheres organic acids can not only activate nutrients and detoxify metals through abiotic effects such as acidification, complexation and exchange, but also change the form or valence of heavy metals in the soil through biological effects such as being an electron donor and acting as an electron transfer body, thereby affecting the migration and transformation of heavy metals in the soil. By clarifying the basic properties of organic acids and their influence mechanisms on the chemical behavior and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil, it was expected to provide a theoretical basis for the wider scientific use of organic acids and the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of D614 mutation in fragmented S gene of SARS-CoV-2 by ligation detection reaction ZHANG Xinya, ZHANG Jian, LU Chen, XUE Yong, LUO Zhidan 2022, 39 (3):  107.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.107 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF   Save The D614 mutation of the S gene of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) significantly increases the virus' infectivity, and is also the main source of the delta mutant strain. How to quickly type such high-risk SNPs in viral nucleic acid detection is a technical issue that researchers are very concerned about. However, the new coronavirus is a single-stranded RNA virus, and the genome is easily degraded. The existing point mutation identification technology is not suitable for highly degraded fragmented viral nucleic acid. In this study, a ligase detection reaction (LDR) technology combined with fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to establish a method to detect the fragmented new coronavirus S gene D614G. The results showed that this method had a good degree of discrimination for 5 pmol/L viral RNA templates, and the minimum point mutations carried by viral RNAs with a length of only 40 nt could be detected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the “integrated” microbiology open experimental course based on the frontier science CHEN Zhenya, MA Xiaoyan, HUO Yixin 2022, 39 (3):  111.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.111 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF   Save Microbiology open experimental course is an important part of deepening the content of classroom-teaching in colleges. Combining the actual situation of microbiology open experimental teaching work in school of life science and according to the progress of frontier science, this paper explored the reform of microbiology open experimental course by setting an “integrated” experimental course. This reform aimed to stimulate the divergent thinking of students and cultivate the students to be the applied creative talents, which reserved talents for science and technology progress and application practices. Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of project-based learning methodology in teaching pharmaceutical microbiology laboratory course #br# #br# CHU Weihua, ZHU Wei 2022, 39 (3):  116.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.116 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF   Save Pharmaceutical microbiology is an important applied branch of microbiology and it provides broad knowledge and understanding with regards to principles, techniques and processes involved in pharmaceutical microbiological experiments.Integrated project-based learning (PBL) methodology into the preparation before class, classroom explanation, experiment process and experiment evaluation of pharmaceutical microbiology laboratory course, a new experimental and practical teaching reform was conducted. This PBL experiment guided students to experience an entire inquiry-based learning process by consistently conducting research projects, through which students would gain an in-depth knowledge of the fundamentals of pharmaceutical microbial experiment skills.The PBL experiment helped student’s gain thorough understanding and reveal profound insights into pharmaceutical microbiology. It essentially provided an ample emphasis on the vivid coverage of the procedures involved in isolation of antagonistic microorganism and improved student’s interest of study, the operational skills and scientific innovative abilities and also enhanced the quality of pharmaceutical microbiology education and teaching. Related Articles | Metrics

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The application of problem oriented and project based learning on the teaching reform of experimental course of microbiology LIU Qian, WEI Tao 2022, 39 (3):  120.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.120 Abstract ( 236 )   PDF   Save To improve the teaching effect of graduate experimental course of microbiology, the teaching pattern of problem oriented and project based learning (POPBL) was applied in the teaching process. The research project “isolation and screening of α-amylase producing strain, mutation, optimization of fermentation conditions and product purification” was raised and segmented. The students were guided to think about the scientific problems of it, consulted literatures, proposed own research plans and made presentations and discussions. Then related research activities were carried out and the students should summarize the results and give completed research report. In addition, more scientific evaluation methods about the course involving scheme design, experimental operation, experiment report and so on were presented. Practices showed that the above methods could inspire students’ enthusiasm and initiative and improve the science literacy, providing some support for their future development in the relevant field. Meanwhile teachers also need to pay attention to students and provide support at the right moment in order to complete the teaching activities more efficiently. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of critical thinking education in human anatomy and physiology REN Wenhua 2022, 39 (3):  125.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn. 2095-1736.2022.03.125 Abstract ( 229 )   PDF   Save In the teaching process of human anatomy and physiology, the concept of critical thinking education runs through the whole process. First, the contributions of the founders of this discipline and other scientists to anatomy and physiology, especially their spirit of questioning the authority of their predecessors were introduced. Secondly, the shackles of inherent knowledge in textbooks were broken and the relevant scientific research achievements were integrated. In addition, the wrong views generally recognized in social hot spots were corrected by integrating the concept of science in this discipline, and students were encouraged to carry out popular science publicity within their ability to feed the society. The introduction of critical thinking was an important exploration of integrating ideological and political ideas into the course. It has imperceptibly cultivated students’ pioneering spirit and achieved good results in practical teaching. Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the definitions of transpiration parameters in plant physiology textbook #br# #br# LI Zhongguang, LI Xiaoer, Chen Hongyan 2022, 39 (3):  128.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1736.2022.03.128 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF   Save Aiming at the different descriptions and even opposite definitions of transpiration parameters in different plant physiology textbooks, the transpiration ratio (TR), transpiration coefficient (TC), transpiration efficiency (TE), water requirement (WR), and water use efficiency (WUE) were analyzed and discussed by referring to the different plant physiology textbooks both at home and abroad. The concepts of TR, TC, TE, WR, and WUE were further amended and unified. Related Articles | Metrics