Abstract: Aquatic products are essential protein sources for humans, yet their supply chains are vulnerable to various biological toxin risks. To overcome the technical challenges of conventional detection methods, such as heavy reliance on sophisticated instruments, complex sample pretreatment, and prolonged analysis time, this review systematically highlighted the benefits of immunoassays in biotoxin detection. It comprehensively summarized the research advancements in specific antibodies and immunoanalytical methods for major biotoxins, such as mycotoxins, bacterial toxins, algal toxins, and shellfish toxins. Finally, based on the molecular characteristics of nanobodies, this review explored their potential as a next-generation detection tools for monitoring aquatic feed and product safety, along with future development prospects. The findings aimed to provide theoretical insights and technical support for the development of rapid biotoxin detection technologies.

Key words: aquatic feed, aquatic product, biotoxin, immunoassay, food safety, nanobody