Table of Content

18 August 2021, Volume 38 Issue 4 Previous Issue   

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Advancesinthebiosynthesisofshort-chainfattyacidesters LU Jiasheng, ZHANG Xiaoyu, JIANG Yujia, ZHANG Wenming, XIN Fengxue, JIANG Min 2021, 38 (4):  1.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 001 Abstract ( 687 )   PDF   Save Microbial conversion of biomass-derived sugars into short-chain fatty acid esters is a promising strategy. This article summarized four enzymatic pathways and the enzymes involved in the synthesis of short-chain fatty acid esters by microorganisms,including alcohol acyltransferases ( AATs), esterases, hemiacetal dehydrogenases ( HADH) and Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Meanwhile, recent research progresses in the synthesis of short-chain fatty acid esters by biological fermentation were alsoreviewed, especially ethyl acetate and butyl butyrate, including ester synthesisinvivousing alcohol acyltransferase and ester synthesis byextracellular esterificationinvitrousing lipase. Finally, taking butyl butyrate as an example, the challenges and prospects of the synthesisof short-chain fatty acids based on bio-fermentation were proposed, hoping to provide reference for the biosynthesis of other short-chainfatty acid esters Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning,expression and functional study of laccasegene NCgl0908 from Corynebacteriumglutamicum #br# #br# 司雅楠, 刘秀霞 , 杨艳坤, 詹锦玲 , 白仲虎 2021, 38 (4):  12.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 012 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF   Save Laccase is a main member of the multi-copper oxidase family, which can catalyze the oxidation of a variety of phenols andaromatic compounds, so it has great industrial application potential. Although some progress has been made in the research and appli-cation of laccase, it is mainly focused on plant and fungal laccase, and less research on bacterial laccase. In this study, a laccase geneNCgl0908was isolated fromCorynebacteriumglutamicum, with a total length of 1 542 bp and encoding 513 amino acids. Its amino acid sequence was compared with several identified bacterial and fungal laccases, and the four copper ion binding sites were found to behighly conserved. Therefore,NCgl0908is speculated as a new laccase gene.NCgl0908was cloned into the expression vector pColdⅡ and induced to express inE.coliBL21. The expression product was purified by nickel column affinity chromatography. Its laccase activi-ty and enzyme kinetic parameters were measured by using ABTS as a substrate, and the result showed that the laccase activity was 25. 4U / mL,Kmwas 2.22 ×10-4mol /L, andVmaxwas 2.432 ×10-6mol /(L·min). Related Articles | Metrics

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Prediction and prokaryoticex pression of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein QIN Xiaobo , GAO Hua, ZHANG Bingbing, GAO Jihai 2021, 38 (4):  17.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 017 Abstract ( 585 )   PDF   Save In order to optimize the construction of prokaryotic expression vector of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and obtain the re-combinant fusion protein expressed inEscherichiacoli, we first analyzed the sequential similarities between SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsidprotein and other β-CoV nucleocapsid proteins, as well as the secondary and tertiary structures using public genomic data and proteinprediction tools. Then, a recombinant vector pET-N with His tag was constructed and transformed into BL21 cells. The target protein was next induced and expressed by IPTG. Finally, the recombinant fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography and identi-fied by both SDS-PAGE and Western Blot. We found that the recombinant fusion protein existed in both the supernatant and the inclu-sion body, as well the target protein was purified by breaking the inclusion body. The recombinant fusion protein provides an alternativeway of detecting the antibody in the serum of infected persons at the full advantages of the bioinformatics methodology. Related Articles | Metrics

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There gulation mechanism of astaxanthinon breast cancer base don network pharmacology ZHANG Nan, CAO Xiaodong, ZHU Hao, YANG Dongdong, ZHAO Chenyu, WANG Xuemei, ZHANG Ziying 2021, 38 (4):  23.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 023 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF   Save In this study, the ingredient targets of astaxanthin were predicted by Pharm mapper databases, and the targets of breast cancerwere obtained by OMIM-Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Therapeutic Target Database(TTD); the direct target was ob-tained through intersection of astaxanthin targets and breast cancer targets, and the software of Cytoscape 3. 7. 1 was used to construct the pro-tein-protein interaction networks of key targets; enrichment of gene function and pathways of all potential targets was conducted by Gene On-tology(GO)database and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)database to explore the mechanism of astaxanthin for the inhibi-tion of breast cancer. MTT was used to detectcell proliferation. The expression ofp-AKT and PI3K was tested by Western Blot. There were 21targets of astaxanthin inhibiting breast cancer and three core targets (ADIPOQ, BECNI and PGR). These targets were participated in critical pathway such as cancer pathway, immune system and cytokines to inhibit breast cancer. ASX of 150 and 300 μmol / L significantly inhibited the growth of breast cancer 4T1 cells. ASX could significantly reduce the phosphorylation of AKT and the expression level of PI3K. There-fore, it was induced that astaxanthin could prevente breast cancer through the PI3K/ AKT signaling pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research of regulation of Sut2tome thanolmet abolismin Pichiapastoris ZHENG Yating, LI Xiang, WANG Pengcheng, YANG Yankun, BAI Zhonghu 2021, 38 (4):  29.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 029 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF   Save To characterizeSut2gene inPichiapastoriswhich can be induced by methanol, the function ofSut2and its relationship with methanol metabolism was studied. By homologous recombination,Sut2was deficientor overexpressed inPichiapastoris. Then, GS115-ΔSut2, GS115-Sut2and GS115 wild-type strains were cultured, and the transcription and translation levels ofAox1were detec-ted and compared. To identify the inducer ofSut2, methanol or formaldehyde was used as the sole carbon source for culturingPichiapastoris, and the transcription levels ofSut2were compared. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect in-tracellular and extracellular ergosterol content of the three strains, GS115-ΔSut2, GS115-Sut2and GS115 wild-type. The results showed thatSut2was mainly induced by methanol, andSut2had a certain degree of positive regulation on the expression ofAox1with indirect interaction, which might be involved in complex regulatory networks and feedback loops. It was inferred thatSut2was involved in methanol metabolism by participating in sterol biosynthesis based on the HPLC results. This study would explore the regulatory mechanism ofSut2on methanol metabolism and further enrich the methanol metabolism pathway inPichiapastoris. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression,purification and function alanalysis of Flapendonuclease-1(N266D)mutant DU Jiahui, GUO Zhigang, LIU Songbai 2021, 38 (4):  34.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 034 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF   Save As a central component during DNA replication and DNA repair process, humanflapendonuclease-1(FEN1) plays indis-pensable roles in genome stability and integrity. AlthoughFEN1expression level is dysregulated in many types of tumor cells, mutation events ofFEN1gene are rare to be reported in the study paper. We previously detected one N266D heterozygotic mutant in the hemato-poietic cells of a leukemia patient. In this study, we successfully constructed N266D expressed plasmids, and purified FEN1-WT and N266D proteins. We also detected the nuclease activities of N266D and FEN1-WT by TAMRA tagged DNA substrates and determinedthat there was no obvious difference between them. RTCA method determined that the proliferation capacity of 293T cells was sup-pressed when overexpressed with N266D mutant. Based on our results of nuclease activities and cell proliferation capacity of N266Dmutant, it is possible to dig the potential roles of N266D mutant during tumor development in future. Related Articles | Metrics

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Contamination,genotypeandepide miological trendsofnorovirus inoysters collected from the market in Shanghai JIA Tianhui, WANG Yongjie, YANG Mingshu, SHI Shasha, DONG Lei, YU Yongxin 2021, 38 (4):  38.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 038 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF   Save This study experimentally investigated and analyzed the genotype and epidemiological features of norovirus isolated from oys-ters collected from the market in Shanghai, to provide strong support for the prevention and control of NoV and the risk assessment ofoyster consumption. To avoid contingency, oysters were randomly collected in Shanghai from October 2017 to October 2019. Then, NoV was detected by applying nested RT-PCR. And, norovirus genotyping tool integrated with phylogenetic was used to analyze se-quences and genotyping. Genotype and epidemiological analyses were performed in terms of temporal distribution and genotype distribu-tion. A total of 633 oyster samples were detected, with a positive rate of 22.1% (140 /633). Eight genotypes were found in oysters,mainly included GI. 3 (62 cases), GI. 4 (21 cases), GI. 9 (1 case), GII. 4 (30 cases), GII. 3 (29 cases), GII. 12 (13 cases),GII. 2 (6 cases) and GII. 17 (4 cases). The collected data showed that peak season for NoV outbreak in oysters occured from Novem-ber to February. For the first year (89. 4%), GI was given priority, such as GI. 3 (67. 1%) and GI. 4 (22. 4%). However, GII wasdominated in the second year (90. 1%), including GII. 3 (35. 8%), GII. 4 (30. 9%), GII. 12 (12. 3%), GII. 2 (7. 4%) and GII.17 (3. 7%) respectively. Total 25 cases of GII. 3 and GII. 4, 1 case of GII. 9 and GII. 3 were detected by showing co-contamination.The results showed that the dominant genotype could change from GI to GII within two years, which helped to predict that it was likelyto be affected by external factors, such as human activities. Therefore, the study appealed to strengthen the control of water quality andhuman activities in oyster farms to reduce outbreaks of NoV, which had strong winter seasonality of outbreaks. Furthermore, epidemic strains of NoV among humans were still circulating in the environment. Multi-genotypes co-contamination not only gave chances for NoVgenetic recombination, but also exacerbated the risk of oyster consumption for Norovirus. Therefore, relevant departments should in-crease the intensity of conducting propaganda to warn people not to eat oysters, especially raw oysters during NoV􀆳s high-occurrence season during the winter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Novel virophages discovered in global ocean viromes ZHOU Liang, XU Shengzhong, SHENG Yijian, WANG Yongjie 2021, 38 (4):  43.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 043 Abstract ( 436 )   PDF   Save Virophages are small double-stranded DNA viruses that parasitize giant viruses of protists. With the co-existence of viroph-ages, giant viruses decrease the infection of single-cell eukaryotic hosts, resulting in increased survival rates of eukaryotic hosts. Vir-ophage were firstly isolated from the co-culture system of giant viruses and eukaryotic hosts. Subsequently, metagenomic analysisshowed that they widely distributed in the global aquatic environments, especially in fresh water habitats. Here complete genomic se-quences of three novel virophages (Global Ocean Viromes Virophage_1 /2/3, GOV_V1 /2/3) were identified through in-depth analysis of the Global Ocean Viromes datasets. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses indicated that GOV_V1 is most closely related to potential al-gae virus-infecting virophages (such as QLV and YSLV1,4,6), and GOV2_V2 /3 are mostly related to amoeba-infecting virophages (Sputnikvirus). These findings indicated that microalgae may be the hosts of GOV2_V1, while protozoan may be the hosts of GOV2_ V2 / 3. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of 42Sp50 and eEF1a expression in normal and gsdf-deficientovaryinmedaka(Oryziaslatipes) WU Xiaowen, ZHANG Xinting, CHANG Yuyang, WANG Siyu, CHEN Liangbiao, GUAN Guijun 2021, 38 (4):  49.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 049 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF   Save XY female can be created by genetic manipulation of the gonadal soma derived factor (gsdf), through transgenic over-ex-pression or targeted disruption ofgsdfin medaka (Oryziaslatipes), however, the bio-function and target genes ofgsdfare still unclear. We used Label Free proteomics combined with Mass Spectrometry (MS) to quantitatively compare the protein expression profiles of nor-mal XX ovaries, XY testis, andgsdf-deficient XY ovaries. Result showed that the protein level of ovarian isoform (42Sp50) of eukary-otic translation elongation factor 1a (eEF1a) was significantly enhanced ingsdfdepletion ovaries, in contrast to the normal male or fe-male. The transcripts of42Sp50were also significantly enriched in XYgsdfdeficiency ovaries by real-time PCR quantitative analysis, in contrast to less expression in normal XX ovaries or rare in XY testis. The amino acid sequence of medaka eEF1a was highly homolo-gous to human EEF1A, but significantly different from medaka42sp50in the region of amino-acyl binding pocket. The expression ofeEF1aincluding42Sp50was examined in gonads during sexual differentiation, and mature gonads of normal female, male andgsdfde-pletion ovary by immunofluorescence using anti-human EEF1A antibody. Evidence of normal XX distinct fromgsdf-deficient XY oo-cytes by dual-color immunofluorescent analysis provides a new clue for the mechanism of vertebrate gametogenesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and characterization of ahighly activeethylene for mingenzyme SU Binbin, ZHANG Tongtong, LIU Haiping 2021, 38 (4):  54.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 054 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF   Save The development of ethylene biosynthesis is essential. By screening ethylene forming enzyme (EFE) homologue genes in sev-eral microorganisms, an EFE protein with high activity from Neofusicoccumparvum(NpEFE) was identified. The heterogenous expression of this efegene in E.coliBL21(DE3) was successfully realized with pET28a as the vector and its enzymatic properties were analyzed. The specific activity of NpEFEwas(730.7±56.9)U /mgandtheoptimumpHforcatalysiswas7.5. Undertheactivityassayconditions, NpEFE exhibited a Km of 155.7μmol /L and a kcat of 51. 4 / min for 2-oxoglutarate, and a Km of139.7μmol /L and a kcat of 53. 4/ min for arginine. Compared to the extensively studied EFE from Pseudomonassyringae(PsEFE), NpEFE showed less substrate inhibition and al-most two-fold higher activity than PsEFE at high substrate concentrations. Therefore, NpEFE would be more potential in future ethylene industrial bioproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synergisticde gradation of malachite green by mixed bacteria and the product analysis HAO Zhichun, SHI Xianyang 2021, 38 (4):  59.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 059 Abstract ( 428 )   PDF   Save Two decolorizing bacteria were isolated from activated sludge, and J-H mixed bacteria were synthesized by comparative ex-periments to degrade malachite green and analyze its kinetic characteristics. The influence of different reaction conditions on dye decol-orization was studied. The degradation products of mixed bacteria were analyzed by UV-Vis absorption spectrum and GC-MS, and theadvantages of mixed bacteria in treating malachite green and the mechanism of synergistic degradation were revealed. The results showed that under the condition of facultative oxygen, pH 7. 0 and 30 ℃ , the decolorization rate of mixed flora to malachite green withconcentration of 50 mg / L was close to 100%, and the complete decolorization time of mixed flora was more than 5 times faster than thatof pure strain, and the reaction process was in accordance with the secondary reaction kinetics process. Decolorization efficiency ofmixed flora on malachite green was affected by oxygen supply conditions, dye concentration, pH and temperature, and the degradationproducts of malachite green by mixed flora were mainly 4-( dimethylamino) benzophenone and 4-( dimethylamino) phenol. These re-sults confirmed that the mixed flora can be used as a highly efficient microorganism for the degradation of malachite green. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of organicacidson grow than dphotosyn the ticpigment of Microcystisaeruginosa HOU Xinxing, TIAN Runan 2021, 38 (4):  65.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 065 Abstract ( 493 )   PDF   Save Microcystisaeruginosa, a common dominant species of blooms, was used as a test material to study the effects of differentconcentrations, three organic acids such as succinic acid, vanillic acid and cinnamic acid on the growth and photosynthetic pigments ofMicrocystisaeruginosa. The results showed that the inhibition effect of organic acids on the growth of Microcystisaeruginosaincreased with the increase of the treatment concentration, and the maximum inhibition rates of succinic acid, vanillic acid and cinnamic acid on Microcystisaeruginosareached 98. 63%, 48. 06% and 96. 70%, respectively, but in general, the order for inhibition was cinnamicacid> succinic acid> vanillic acid; under the action of succinic acid, vanillic acid and cinnamic acid, the content of chlorophyll a andmicrobial protein of Microcystisaeruginosawere all damaged, and the damage to phycocyanin and allophycocyanin was heavier than that of phycoerythrin. Organic acids acted on the reaction center of the algae photosynthesis system II to inhibit the photosynthesis of algae,thereby inhibiting the algae growth. In the practical application of organic acid algae control, attention should be paid to the type andconcentration of organic acid applied. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects offungalcommunity structureintherhizosphere of PotentillaanserinaL.undercontinuouscroppingmodes WANG Yaqiong, LIU Jihong, LI Junqiao , BAI Shijun 2021, 38 (4):  71.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 071 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF   Save The rhizosphere is one of the areas with the most active microbial activities and the closest relationship with plant growth. It is important to study the effect of plants on microorganisms to reveal the obstacles of continuous cropping. The fungal communities inrhizosphere soil ofPotentillaanserinaL. under different cropping years and different growth stages were investigated using the next-gen-eration sequencing. Results showed that fungal community covered 64 genera, 42 families, 31 orders,14 classes and 5 phylum, anddominated by five known fungal phyla, namely Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and Zygomycota. Within the five phyla, it was found thatPhoma,Preussia,Cadophora,FusariumandMortierellawith average relative abundance were more than 1%. The samples from blooming stage accounted for the lowest diversity and they were significantly different from other growth sta-ges (P< 0. 05), and the samples from continuous cropping for 4 years were significantly higher than that of other continuous croppingyears (P< 0. 05). Soil nutrients had a greater impact on the structure of the fungal community, of which available potassium had the greatest impact (P<0. 05). The continuous cropping and growth ofPotentillaanserinaL. had significant influence on the structure ofrhizosphere fungal community, and maintaining the stability of the fungal community might be one of the ways for the high quality andefficient production ofPotentillaanserinaL. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the effect of pig dung and cowdung in feeding earth worm with Pleurotusostreatusresidue LI Yanhua , LUO Jie , HU Jia, GU Changhua, LUO Gang 2021, 38 (4):  77.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 077 Abstract ( 777 )   PDF   Save In order to recycle the agricultural waste resources and to reduce the environmental pollution caused by agricultural waste inanimal husbandry and edible fungi production, the growth and reproduction effect of earthworms and its vermicompost effect were stud-ied by pot culture and free choice experiment. The results showed that the combination of pig dung and cow dung in the medium withPleurotusostreatusresidue could significantly improve the growth and reproduction efficiency of earthworm, the weight proportion of20% pig dung and 40% cow dung was the most suitable for the growth and reproduction of earthworm. The organic matter and C / N ra-tio of earthworm in each group decreased significantly after earthworm digestion, except the total nitrogen content in 40% cow dunggroup and 20% pig dung group. The contents of total N, total P, total K, available N, available P and available K in most substrategroups were significantly increased after earthworm digestion. The contents of mercury and lead in earthworms were not detected; thecontents of heavy metals such as copper and zinc in earthworms met the safety standards for feeding; the vermicompost was a high qual-ity organic fertilizer after being properly prepared. Related Articles | Metrics

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Residue analysis of Btproteinintransgeni ccotton field #br# 关正君, 霍艳林 2021, 38 (4):  82.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 082 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF   Save With the long-term large-scale cultivation of transgenicBtcotton, Bt proteins were introduced into the soil by means of plant organ residues and root exudates. Whether the residue and accumulation of Bt protein in soil will bring harm to farmland ecosystem hasgradually become the focus of public attention. In this paper, the residue of Bt protein in rhizosphere soil and the expression of Bt pro-tein in transgenic cotton roots and leaves in five areas of southern Shanxi province were analyzed by ELISA technology. The results showed that there were significant differences in Bt protein content between rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil in the five investi-gated areas. The highest Bt protein content in rhizosphere soil of transgenic cotton was 0. 184 8 ng / g, and the lowest was 0. 112 0 ng / g.It was suggested that there might be a low dose of Bt protein residues in the soil after transgenic Bt cottons were continuously planted.Furthermore, there were significant differences in Bt protein content between roots and leaves of transgenic cotton in the five regions ofsouthern Shanxi province. The highest Bt protein content in transgenic cotton roots was 19. 34 ng / g and the lowest was 12. 57 ng / g, while the highest Bt protein content in leaf was 128. 11 ng / g and the lowest was 83. 19 ng / g. The results showed that Bt protein content of transgenic cotton leaves was higher than that of roots in all sampling regions. This experiment research results will provide scientificbasis for reasonable cultivation of transgenic cottons and ecological safety evaluation of Bt crop Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation nalysis of expression of three transcription factorgenesandphysiologicalindexes under cotton droughtandsaltstress #br# #br# FAN Rong, GUO Yaping, ZHAO Keke, JIANG Menghui, SHI Yingying, QU Yanying, CHEN Quanjia 2021, 38 (4):  86.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 086 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF   Save Soil drought and salinization have serious effects on plant growth and development. It is very important to screen genes suit-able for evaluating drought resistance and salt tolerance of cotton. Two drought-resistant and salt-tolerant cotton varieties and two drought-sensitive and salt-sensitive cotton varieties were used as materials to detect the expression difference of stress-resistant related transcrip-tion factorsGhHsfA7,GhbZIP15andGhNAC2at transcriptional level by qRT-PCR. The expression differences of stress-resistant related transcription factorsGhHsfA7,GhbZIP15andGhNAC2were detected at transcriptional level. At that same time, the changes of five com-mon physiological indexes for stress resistance identification, and the correlation between the expression of these three genes and physio-logical indexes were analyzed. The results showed that the relative expression levels ofGhHsfA7,GhbZIP15, andGhNAC2were predomi-nantly in sensitive cotton under 6 h PEG stress and 3 h NaCl stress, Which were significantly lower than those in the tolerant varieties.Under drought and salt stress, there were significant or extremely significant differences in physiological indexes between cotton and thecontrol, and the relative changes of Pro, SOD and POD in tolerant cotton varieties were greater than those in sensitive cotton varieties,while the relative changes of MDA and EL were smaller than those in sensitive cotton varieties. Correlation analysis showed thatGhHsfA7,GhbZIP15,GhNAC2had significant or extremely significant correlation with MDA, Pro, SOD, POD, and EL. Therefore, the expression of the transcription factorsGhHsfA7,GhbZIP15andGhNAC2can be used as molecular markers for the identification of drought resistanceand salt tolerance of cotton, which lays a foundation for the study of stress resistance mechanism of cotton. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptation mechanism of Arabispaniculata to droughtstressinalpine environment #br# TANG Ting, TAO Faqing, LI Weiqi 2021, 38 (4):  92.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 092 Abstract ( 292 )   PDF   Save The seeds ofArabispaniculataand its relativeArabidopsisthalianawere used as materials in the present study. The germi-nation rate, the content of ABA and the accumulation of HSP101 and HSP70 were compared in these two species before and after treat-mentofmannitolwithdifferentconcentrations(150,300and600mmol /L). TheadaptationmechanismofA.paniculatato alpine en-vironment was discussed. The results were presented as following: the seeds ofA.paniculatawere more sensitive to the treatment of mannitol; temporary seed dormancy was exhibited inA.paniculatawhen the concentration of mannitol exceeded 300 mmol / L; the ABA content of the seeds inA.paniculatawas significantly higher than that inA.thalianaunder the normal growth conditions and mannitol treatment. The abundance of HSP101 and HSP70 was low in both species under normal growth conditions. The protein levels of HSP101 and HSP70 were increased rapidly under mannitol treatment inA.thaliana, while those were still kept low inA.paniculata.These results indicated that seed dormancy was induced inA.paniculataupon high accumulation of ABA to adaptation to alpine envi-ronment with limited water in winter. A energy conservation strategy was speculated according to the fact that the protein levels ofHSP101 and HSP70 were not affected inA.paniculataunder drought stress.K Related Articles | Metrics

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Scanning electron microscopicobservationsofsensillaontheantennae of AlcidodesjuglansChao ZHANG Xinmin, ZHAO Ning, HAN Xiu, YANG Bin 2021, 38 (4):  96.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 096 Abstract ( 244 )   PDF   Save In order to know sensilla type, number and distribution on the antennae ofAlcidodesjuglans, the sensilla on the antennae of male adults ofAlcidodesjuglanswas observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that nine types of antennal sensilla were identi-fied, including sensilla trichoid, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla chiaetica, sensella basiconca, sensella finger-like and sensilla squamiformia,sensilla cavity, sensilla rod-like, sensilla furcatea. There were obvious differences in the distribution, type and number of sensilla between scape, pedicel and flagellum. The type and number of sensilla on the scape were less, and the type and number of sensilla on the 6thand 7thflagellum were the most, which suggested that the 6thand 7thflagellum are the most strongest parts of antennal receptivity. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the ife history characteristics of emerald greenNostocsphaeroides #br# WANG Wei, YI Sifu , TIAN Yun 2021, 38 (4):  100.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 100 Abstract ( 293 )   PDF   Save To explore its life history characteristics, solid culture of hormogoniumand regular sampling and production, morphological changes were studied during the development of hormogoniumunder microscope. The results showed that the life history of the hormog-oniumwas composed of four stages: hormogonium, the minimal colonies, filamentation of seriate colonies and the different diameter colonies. The vegetative proliferation of the emerald green Nostocsphaeroideswas mainly caused by hormogoniumand germinal repro-duction. In addition, the heterocystdifferentiation was promoted by the number of algal cells, and it was related to the formation of ‘embryonic bud’ of germinal reproduction and the fracture of single algae filaments between groups in the later stage of budding. The results showed that hormogoniumwas the key targets of growth and differentiation regulation. In the process of seed production of Nostocsphaeroides, it is necessary to pay attention to the effect of heterocyston the regulation of growth and differentiation of Nostocsphae-roides. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progresses on algaeinhibition by allelopathy of aquaticplants 汤　鹏, 于鲁冀 , 彭赵旭, 范鹏宇, 李廷梅, 任昆阳 2021, 38 (4):  104.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 104 Abstract ( 687 )   PDF   Save The species of common allelopathic algae-inhibiting emergent, floating and submerged plants and the algal suppressed were listed. It was concluded that allelochemicals had the characteristics of selectivity and promotion low concentration, inhibition at highconcentration, and there were synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects among different allelochemicals. And the mechanism of al-gae inhibition by allelopathy was introduced from the cell level ( such as photosynthetic system, cell membrane and enzyme activity)and gene level. Aquatic plants had a low concentration of allelochemicals in their daily metabolism and wheth the laboratory effect couldbe well applied to engineering projects, it was pointed out that the future research focus will be on the artificial synthesis of highly effec-tive allelochemicals and their practical applications in natural conditions. Related Articles | Metrics

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The molecularmechanisms offer roptosis MA Chenjie, ZHANG Wen, ZENG Jin, SONG Fuyang 2021, 38 (4):  109.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 109 Abstract ( 927 )   PDF   Save Ferroptosis is a newly discovered mode of programmed cell death. The main biological features of ferroptosis are the free iron me-diate Fenton reaction, lipid peroxidation of cell membrane lipids, and inhibition of lipid peroxide repair capacity of GPX4. The molecular regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis are complex, involving multiple biological processes such as iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation reactionsand glutathione metabolism. Ferroptosis is associated with various diseases, including tumors, neurological disorders, ischemia/ reperfusion injury, renal injury, hematological diseases and many other diseases. The use of small-molecule compounds to modulate ferroptosis to inter-vene in the occurrence and development of related diseases has become a hotspot and focus of etiological research and treatment. This paperreviewed the typical features and molecular regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, summarized the application of iron death-related small mole-cule compounds, which would provide new reference targets for exploring iron death-related disease research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Structure and stability of interlocked G-quadruplexes for medbyd(G3AG2T3G3AT)invitro 朱　婷, 付文强, 王　涛 2021, 38 (4):  114.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 114 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF   Save The single stranded DNA or RNA sequences having rich stretches of consecutive guanines can fold into four-stranded struc-tures known as G-quadruplexes, which play crucial roles in chromosomal maintenance, transcription and translation, as well as otherbiological processes. The putative G-quadruplex-forming sequences are wildly spread among the human genome and mRNA, especiallymore frequent in the telomere and promoters. Here, we focused on the different characteristics of the interlocked G-quadruplexes adopt-ed by sequence d(G3AG2T3G3AT) in the presence of sodium and potassium ions, respectively. The experimental results showed that d (G3AG2T3G3AT) at first folded into a kinetically favorable conformation in K+solution, and then spontaneously converted to a thermo-dynamically stable conformation with an extremely high thermal stability. Secondly, upon K+ion titration, the interlocked G-quadruplex structure even well pre-folded in an excessive amount of Na+still enabled a ready conversion to the thermodynamically stable conforma-tion ultimately stabilized by K+. This interlocked G-quadruplex will be expected applicable in the field of nanomaterial due to its con-siderable water-solubility, biocompatibility and extreme stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and application of the virtua simulationexperiment for the development of angiosperm vegetativeorgans DU Kun, GUO Binhui, FU Yuanyuan, LUO Le, ZHANG Biao, WEI Wanhong 2021, 38 (4):  120.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 120 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF   Save In order to solve the problems in traditional experimental teaching of botany, we constructed a virtual simulation experimentsystem for the development of angiosperm vegetative organs. The system includes some 3D resources, such as virtual simulation re-sources of the paraffin section technology, perspective structure, digital slicing, physiological function, organ reduction and virtual as-sessment, etc. . It can realize online learning, autonomous learning, submission of experimental reports, virtual examination, commu-nication and other functions. By using these resources, we implemented the experimental teaching mode and experiments evaluation of " integration of reality and virtual simulation" . Consequentially, the space and time for experimental teaching have been effectively ex-panded, students􀆳 interest and initiative in learning have been fully aroused, the effect of experimental teaching has been improved, andthe whole process of experimental examination has been covered. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and application of virtual simulation experiment project of economicforest cultivation and management YI Lita, WANG Zhengjia, MEI Li, ZHANG Min, XIA Guohua 2021, 38 (4):  124.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 124 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF   Save In order to solve the bottleneck problems of tree cultivation and management in the practice teaching of economic forest cul-tivation, such as tall trees, long growth duration, poor repeatability, complex quality factors and so on, we tookCaryacathayensisas the teaching example in this project. Based on excellent scientific research platform and achievements, we simplified the whole cultiva-tion process by virtual reality technology from the key processes of improved variety selection, density control, training and pruning,scientific harvesting. Therefore, we constructed a high simulated operation virtual interface, which could improve the students􀆳 interest in learning and stimulate their desire for professional learning. This operation virtual interface has been widely used in the training offorestry technicians to provide technical support for the revitalization of the industry. Related Articles | Metrics

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The development and enligh tenment of biology teaching in American highschool LU Xiaomei, YANG Zhifan, KE Wenshan 2021, 38 (4):  128.  doi: 10. 3969 / j. issn. 2095-1736. 2021. 04. 128 Abstract ( 583 )   PDF   Save The United States has accumulated rich experience in the development of biology teaching, which can provide references for us. From the beginning, biology teaching in the United States only included botany, zoology and other courses into the curriculum of u-niversity entry, while physiology was involved in but only related to physical health and other issues. Biology teaching attaches impor-tance to knowledge imparting, and then it gradually developed to attach importance to individual, social, ecological and other factors.Integrated curriculum became popular and then returned to subject teaching. At present, American biology teaching advocates diversi-fied teaching objectives, attaches importance to the comprehensive application of modern teaching ideas and methods, promotes the re-form of national scientific standards and teaching materials, and explores and collaborates learning are its main features. Inquiry and cooperative learning are the main characteristics. Enlightenments are as follow: to establish a harmonious relationship between teachersand students and enhance the interaction, to use the advanced education idea and a variety of teaching methods to improve teaching, toencourage students􀆳 independence and innovative consciousness, to give students more flexibility and space, universities and highschools in close cooperation to develop the future biology teachers etc. Related Articles | Metrics